Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Competition is becoming much than and more fierce while the market is becoming globalization. With higher consumer s overeignty, customers argon no coarseer convenient with qualify ingatherings and good services. The society concerned more about the concern ethic and environsal issues. Companies argon expected to wreak virtuously directly. The conceits of Corporate affable Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship ar spread wit faster than ever before and become one of the hot dirty dogvass business models in the recent decades. Corporate cordial Responsibility (CSR) is defined as the payload of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, workings with employees, their families, the topical anaesthetic fraternity and society at large to make founder their quality of life at the piece Business Council for Sustainable Development in 2000. The main idea of CSR is that corporations should be responsible for(p) to the stakeholders which include the customers, sh atomic number 18holders, suppliers, employees or any separate society that may be influenced by the corporeal actions. variant organizations may save formed different mixer responsible platforms which sack be reason in four major components the environment, the society, the work habitation and the market place. Different companies will emphasize on different aspects to create the neighborly responsible programs. Particular CSR initiatives may do good, or harm, or make no difference one bureau or the other, but it is important to dissent the success of the CSR idea. (Briggs & Verma, 2006) Mounting evidences show the benefits brought by the CSR Programs. For example, corporations made huge boon to disasters nationwide and to the bottom billions.However, not every CSR Program crumb be built up successfully. Nestl had suffered from a boycott last over 30 years which is the result from its failed CSR Program. Kn take in as the baby depleteer, Nestl is bl amed to kill thousands of Babies in the less developed region. They promoted and distributed free instant formula take out powder to replace breastfeeding and led to severe health problems or level off death to the babies (Sethi, 1979). The two opposite results of CSR programs bring up queries for CSR programs. Is there a business shimmy for CSR? How can corporations be benefitted from CSR? Theses questions will be discussed in this essay and so as the answers.B. Is there a business case for CSR?Corporations are expected to be good citizens asserted by Briggs and Verma (2006). Customers are demanding more from the corporations. Responsible incorporates are required to meet the Triple git Lines which are the economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and social sustainability. Join Elington illustrate the interrelationship of the triple bottom confines in 1997, Society depends on the economy and the economy depends on the global ecosystem, whose health represents the ultimate bottom line (Elkington, 1997). CSR programs can as well help the company to succeed sustainable maturation which is the ultimate goal for every CSR program. Sustainable development is development to indulge the motives of present generation without sacrificing the ability of future generations to development (WCED, 1987). theater of operations indicates that sustainable growth and business success cannot be achieved solely by maximising short-term arrive ats, but instead through market-oriented and social responsible programs (Neal, 2006). The CSR programs may engage with the following four aspects the environment, the community, the workplace and the market place (World Business Council, 2000).As the foundation of every human organism in the earth, responsible to environment is an essential part of CSR programs. Learnt from the Industrial Revolution when mass sacrifice environment for business growth, private organizations today have worked to improve the envir onment. For example, Toyota has developed the hybrid card models which can use both enkindle and electricity as power source. It can help to reduce the pass around pollution and reduce the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This innovation is also being considered as long-term oriented and sustainable for future development so both the customers and investors are satisfied with it. The second aspect of corporate social province is the community. Corporations have to be obligation to the local community as they are the essential for the business success. Social responsible firms should hire local labour force in the work place. Corporations often make share after huge disasters such as earthquake or hurricane.For example, companies had donated over US$547 millions after the catastrophe of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (Briggs & Verma, 2006). Although some criticize that the corporations are making disasters into opportunities for open relationship, the donation can certainly help t he community to rebuilt their home afterward, The third aspect of corporate social state is the workplace. Companies are responsible to ensure the safety and ethnic in the workplace. The employees are generating the profit so the companies should be responsible to them by creating harmless and harmony working environment. For example, Nike, and other American and European sports wear production companies, promise to monitor the working conditions in its supplier factories in less developed countries (Vogel, 2005, 1).Corporations should also be responsible to the market place. Not just manufacturing quality product but also meeting the needs of various customers. For example, although smart telephone sets are becoming popular in recent years, some people with opthalmic disability may not able to use those products without assistant from other people. By introducing the Voiceover application, customers with visual disability can use the smart phone or other devices created by Appl e easily. Besides the positive maneuver of view, there have always been criticisms of CSR ever since it was invented. In 1970, the Nobel Price winner, Friedman wrote The Social Responsibility of Business is to make up its Profits and the three main aims he stated in his article have become the foundation for the criticisms against CSR. In his first argument, Friedman claimed that only human beings have a moral responsibility for their actions (Friedman, 1970).As a collected entity, companies do not have the responsibility of the decision made by the way. However, corporations act like human in some(prenominal) ways. For examples, in legal terms, corporations are consisted as an artificial someone whose behavior is decided by the corporate internal decision var.ing and the organizational culture. Many corporations are acting progressively to create a public perception of good citizenship to gain positive image and emulous advantages from the society (Brigs and Verma, 2006). In the following article, Friedman pointed out that the organization, instead of the private business section, should be responsible to solve the social issues and problems (Friedman, 1970). Later scholars support his argument that with huge amount of tax collected by the government, the responsibility of social support should be transferred to the government and the public sectors.However, in some cases, government may not be able to take the responsibility delinquent to insufficient funds or malfunction of government agent. Geoge Kell, executive head of the United Nationss Global Compact Office, indicated that So long as government fail to do their part and so long as business goes global, CSR helps fill an important void (Brigs and Verma, 2006). The last argument of Friedman is that the managers should be responsible for the interest of shareholders (Friedman, 1970). Charring out CSR programs may increase the cost and break dance the companys performance. In which way, the int erests of the shareholders are harmed (Henderson, 2001). This argument is proven amiss(p) by the countless successful business cases of CSR programs.C. How can corporations be benefited from the CSR programs?1. CSR can help the corporates to increase the profits. Corporations can be benefited from the CSR programs in many aspects. Since the or so important goal for the company is maximise its profit, scholars and managers are working to haoma out how CSR programs will influence the companys profitability. Companies gener entirelyy increase their profitability by two means Cut cost and distinction (Porter, 1985). An effective CSR Programs can help the corporations to achieve both points. Cost simplification can be achieved by CSR Programs directly or indirectly. The direct way is to reduce the cost by using the raw material or energy in a more efficient way. For example, by bring down the packaging, companies can cut the unit cost of product and protect the environment by produ cing less waste at the same time (Welford, 2000).The other way is to decrease the indirect cost such as the employee discipline cost, the management cost. For example, the employee caring programs can lower the employee turnover rate and reducing the hiring and training cost for new employees. By this mean, the employees are more satisfied to the companies and will be less likely to resign and have better performance in the workplace. Google has been paid attention to this issue. The company created the best working environment in the world and create the most satisfied. The CSR program successes in increasing ability to attract and retain employees and reducing operating cost. other way to increase profitability is differentiation.By using differentiation strategy, the products can be outstanding among the competitors (Welford, 2000). Corporates have been using CSR programs as differentiation points long ago and achieve positive result. Take the Body Shop as an example. They dif ferentiate their products from the other skin care products by using all natural ingredients and making statements such as no animal test and support community fair trade. By building such social and environmental responsibility image, the Body Shop successfully build up its defect image and reputation and create the customer loyalty. 2. CSR can enhance defacement competitiveness.Todays companies can no all-night afford to ignore CSR. More and more corporates build up their own CSR programs to enhance their brand competitiveness by enhancing the image and reputation of the corporates. Firstly, customers nowadays focus more on the image and reputation of the brands. They demand more than quality product and nice services. According to the research conducted by the PR firm Hill & Knowlton, 79% of Americans take corporate citizenship into account when makings obtain decision (Briggs and Verma, 2006). Corporate Social Responsibility Programs can help the corporate to gain the public trust and support which will enhance the brand competitiveness.Customer sovereignty has further supported the ideas that with high degree of freedom and information, customers can make their choices among different brands. The brand with better image or reputation will be more likely to win in the industry. Secondly, Corporate Citizenship is demanded by the government. Especially for some sensitive business that companies need to maintain nice relationship with the government. For example, Casino Industry in Las Vegas and Macao are expected to make large donation to the responsible gambling program or the charity funds.By making public donation, the firms may be able to build up better image to reduce the scorn in the society and the government. Managers continually encounter demands from multiple stakeholder groups to devote resources to corporate social responsibility (McWilliams & Siegel, 2001). Investors consider more about the social responsibility of the invested firms nowa days. Companies cannot managing their impact on society and the environment if engaging in CSR (Brigs & Verma, 2006)D. endpointCorporate Social Responsibility is becoming the trend of social public relationship strategies in the recent decades. In this essay, questions of CSR programs have been discussed in many aspects. With thousands of successful cases of corporate citizenship, companies all working hard to catch up with the trend and develop their own CSR programs. Although there are criticisms about the end and the necessity of corporate social responsibility programs, the effective of CSR programs is ascertained. Later ruminate shows that successful CSR program can benefit the society and the company at the same time. The corporations can enjoy higher profits and better brand competitiveness by setting up CSR programs. Therefore, companies should work with the community to achieve the win-win situation.BibliographyBriggs, W. & Verma, A. 2006. Sharing the wealth. Communicati on world. January February 2006. pp. 25-28 Freeman, R.E. 1984 Strategic Management A Stakeholder approach path. Marshfield, MA Pitman Publishing Inc. Friedman, M. 1970 The Social Responsibility of Business is to addition its Profits. The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970 Henderson, D. 2001. The Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility. Policy Vol.17 no.2. pp. 28-32. Winter 2001 Neal, A. C. 2007. Corporate Social Responsibility cheek Gain or Laissez-Faire Figleaf?. HeinOnline. 2007-2008. pp. 460-474 Robison, M. 2002. RSA Wold Leaders Lecture Beyond full Intentions Corporate Citizenship for a New Century. United Nations High Commissioner for merciful Rights. London, 7 May 2002. Sethi, S. P. 1979. A Conceptual Framework for Environmental depth psychology of Social Issues and Evaluation of Business Response Patterns. The Acdemy of Management Review, Vol.4, No. 1, pp. 63-74 Vogle, D. The commercialise for Virtue the Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsib ility. 2005. Harrisonburg, Virginia WCED. 1987. Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford Oxford University Press. Welford, R. 2000 Corporate environmental management 3 Towards sustainable development, London Earthscan.

Commentary – Staring At The Sun by The Offspring

Maybe life is like a baffle words on a free guidance Dodging bullets magic spell youre try to get word your way Every superstars around, but no one does a diddly social occasion It brings me down, but I wont let them If I seem bleak come up youd be correct And if I dont speak Its cause I cant disjuncture But I wont be ruin-over by the reflection Of the depose in your eyes As youre staring at the sun When I ran I didnt feel like I ran away(p) When I fly I didnt feel like I got away Theres more to existing than only surviving Maybe Im non in that respect, but Im still assay Though you hear me I dont think that you relate.My bequeath is something That you cant confiscate So forgive me, but I wont be frustrated By last in your eyes As youre staring at the sun commentary (Staring At The Sun) The Offspring be commonly known to be a punk-rock reverberate but they have taken up so galore(postnominal) different styles in their albums that many would agree that they sing something unique which can non be fitted fully in a specific genre of music. But the spunk of almost every album has been fast songs with really meaningful lyrics (and not skilful something that rhymes which can be often heard in punk-rock).Their album, Americana not only sold over 10,000,000 copies worldwide but as well as presented the band in a new light and served as a evolution of Californian punk-rock. In Americana, the band sings roughly different events that happen in the life of ordinary American families and teenagers. Staring At The Sun is one of my favorite songs not only because of the music but also because of regent(postnominal) lyrics which combines well with the rhythm. Generally, the song is about trying to figure out your individuality and how you fit in the world.It is especially spare for teenagers that are growing up and trying to fit in everything they do. The song also tells us of peck who trust to fit in so desperately that they compromise their in terests and vary their character in order to fit in. The lyrics remind me of a write up poem. The first line sets the mood of the song and suggests that the effigy is in dim models about life. Simile life is like a ride on a freeway reflects the subject of functions thoughts. Freeway suggests freedom in choosing your way of living or your place in the society. Ride links to the desire of searching for something in this society. The foster line completes the idea raised in the first line that life is searching for your place, trying to fit in the world. Dodging bullets suggests rage which could mean difficulties that can be encountered when trying to become yourself and that irrespective of anger or grudge that you whitethorn have you should lodge to seek for your place in society.The next both lines link to the idea that it is important for anybody to be who he/she is and do not care what anyone else thinks. This is suggested by the third line that although everyones aro und, there is really no assistant from them in selecting the class of your life (no one does a damn thing). The next line extends the idea slightly suggesting that being yourself while all the rest turn against you is very hard but you should not quit the path you have selected. The end of the third line and the ancestry of the quadrupletth are loaded with heavy words.This becomes even more evident as the singer stresses these words when singing the song. Repetition of d and g in the words damn, thing, brings, down emphasizes the fact that there is no help from the concourse surrounding you and that they essentially try to deflect you from selecting your path (bring, down). But this is then contradicted by I wont let them. The second stanza emphasizes personas unwillingness to conform to everyone else. This is suggested by the first four lines. The last three lines of the stanza are very significant.In these lines persona is trying to say that if someone is qualifying to dest roy himself, he is not going to drag the persona down with him. This is suggested by I wont be burned by the reflection of the fire in your eyes. The words burned and fire are significant here as they emphasize burning, dying out, destruction of character and identity of individual who is trying to fit in something unnatural for himself. Staring at the sun is a metaphor or analogy for spate that are being self-destructive or conciliative themselves.The persona says that he is not a part of this and appeals to people to quell to their own paths that they have selected and not compromise themselves. The burning of these lines suggests personas fury about this situation. The third stanza is about persona in the actual search for his path of life. The first two lines of the stanza suggest that you may be uncertain or doubt the path you have selected when all the people around you are trying to stop you.Echoing of running away (ran and ran away) and escaping ( fly and got away) in t he same lines emphasizes your tireless search for the true path, that you may not know what to do or where to go but you should keep open seeking for it. This idea is also confirmed by the last two lines of the stanza that you should live in the way you want and not to conform to individual elses style of living (theres more to living than only surviving) just because you have to, if it is unnatural for you. The last line of the stanza confirms the idea that although you realize you have not found your path yet you should continue seeking for it.It is also significant that the idea of searching, emphasized by the first two lines (ran, ran away, escaped and got away) also links it to the idea that your mind could be confused by other peoples opinions. The last stanza again emphasizes the fact that the persona is not going to be dragged down by self-destructive people who compromise themselves. In the first two lines persona is suggesting that although these self-destructive people may understand him they cannot take any action towards changing it as their identity and character are already tied in with the thought that they have to compromise themselves.The third and fourth lines of the stanza signify the fact that persona will not be a part of that by admitting that my will will be guiding him in search for his path and that it cannot be manipulated or confiscated unlike the minds of people who compromise themselves. This is also confirmed by stressing my will which emphasizes strength and endurance. The last three lines of the stanza repeat the end of the second one and thus emphasize the personas thoughts that it is important for anybody to be who they really want to and not to try conforming to or to fitting in somebody elses style.

Reality and the Existence of God Essay

When Descartes decided to tear down his beliefs and start fresh, he ask a keister upon which to build his ideology. When judging what reality is, divinity fudge essential be considered. He/she essentialiness be taken out of a religious concept and proven to exist, exist in a charge in which we can non be deceived into only thinking is real. The proof of the existence of immortal in this way forms the backbone of Descartes further forays into proving what is reality. theology, cosmos the domineeringly virile, omniscient all- go throughing force that created the world and everything in it, was central in most seventeenth century philosophies.When investigating the importance of god in Descartes philosophy, one must first understand the science of the times. The basic principle of mechanism is that everything in the universe could eventually be explained in terms of mechanical laws, and with these laws thither is no free exit. The universe moves like a analyzable clock, wi th everything pre- find and in accordance with the laws of matter. Pierre Simon de Laplace bowd We may regard the present state of the universe as the effect of the past and the cause of the future.An intellect which at any given moment knew all of the forces that animate personality and the uncouth positions of the beings that compose it, if this intellect were vast enough to submit the data to analysis, could brook into a single formula the movement of the greatest bodies of the universe and that of the lightest blood cell for such an intellect nonhing could be uncertain and the future reasonable like the past would be present before its eyes. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mechanism_%28philosophy%29)Unfortunately for mechanism, the look is impossible to define in mechanical terms, as it is not a corporeal substance that can be measured. Descartes responds to this problem with dualism, saying that the top dog is a thinking thing which is the spunk of himself. This thing doubts, believes, hopes and thinks, all the single-valued function existing only in a metaphysical sense as a non- extended, thinking thing while the body is a non-thinking, extended thing. With this he had a clear and evident root of both encephalon and body, and whatever he could conceive, god could create.This led him to believe that the mind could be separate from the body, a substance whose essence was thought. Thus the idea of dualism was founded by the existence of divinity fudge. As Descartes did not completely agree with mechanism or materialism, he had to essentially obliterate all his beliefs, wipe his proverbial de supportate clean, and start again. To reevaluate what was real and what was false, Descartes had to doubt everything, including the existence of God, and if he/she exists, whether or not God was a deceiver.Descartes put forward the question of whether or not there atomic number 18 any attributes to the idea of God which couldnt concur originated in himself, God being infinite, eternal, unchangeable, independent, supremely intelligent, supremely powerful He came to the conclusion that none of these attributes could have execute from him alone, as he possesses none of them. In this sense, God must exist. He past postulates the power structure argument, where the idea of God could not have been thought of by him, or man in general, as the attributes seen in God belong to about higher form.It does not matter that he cannot grasp the infinite, or touch the attributes of God as he himself is finite the very nature of whateverthing being infinite is that it cannot be grasped by something finite. Thus, since the ideas of God are in some higher form, they must be the truest and most clear and distinct of all Descartes ideas. He then decided to ask how he could have received the idea of a perfect being from God, as he has never encountered such from the senses. He comes up with the idea of a artificer, who, when he invents somethin g, may fiddle and change parts of his creation as he chooses.The idea of God, in Descartes mind, could not be changed or interfered with therefore he could not have created it himself. This leads to the belief in the idea of God being innate in him. He again uses the idea of a craftsman, with the idea of God as a mark of the craftsman stamped on his work, man. Descartes then postulated that he could not exist with the innate idea of God in his mind without God existing. This fostered his belief that God could not possibly be a deceiver, since for something to be fraudulent or deceitful it has to have some defect, which in God there is none.This began to form the foundation on which Descartes would keep up to prove existence through methodical doubt. After he determined that yes, God exists, Descartes turned his attention to truth and falsity. He has determined that God would never deceive him, as wanting to deceive is a sign of malice or weakness, traits not pertaining to God. If G od, then, does not deceive him, errors on his part must be of his own judgment. He uses God as a benchmark, saying he is somewhere between God and nothingness, between supreme being and non-being.In meditation number four, again he uses the craftsman analogy, that the more skilled the craftsman, the more perfect the creation. Since God created Descartes, he must be perfect, which leads him to believe that his making mistakes may be better than not doing so. Human free will is an issue that philosophers of every generation carriage in some form or another, and Descartes was no exception. When dealing with will, he believed that will is simply ones ability to do or not do something, to accept or reject a proposition.This will is such that when a decision is presented to us, we have no sense that we are pushed one way or another by any international forces. He believed that freedom is strengthened by natural knowledge and godlike grace, and that since God gave him the power of willi ng, it cannot be the cause of his mistakes. Simply, a mistake is do when ones will extends beyond their intellect, when one applies will to matters they do not understand. This philosophy states that God has given him the freedom to choose his helping in situations of which he does not have complete understanding, a situation sort of inconsistent with the beliefs of the time.Descartes could not have been an atheist and have come to the conclusions he did. The science of the time was a rigid belief that everything in the universe was bound by the laws of matter, and that it moved like a complex clock, everything pre-determined from the time it was created. A strong supporter of the idea of dualism, Descartes believed that the mind was not bound by the laws of matter and was intangible, a substance whose essence was thought.Since God created him, whatever he could conceive could also be created by God which is the founding principle of dualism. When he began to tear down his belie f system, he needed a foundation on which to build his new knowledge. He proved the existence of God by using the hierarchy theory, that since none of the traits of God could be attributed to himself, they must have come from God. With this knowledge, Descartes tackled truth and falsity, the essence and existence of material things, and the real distinction between mind and body. every of which in some for or another were based on his foundation that God exists and is not a deceiver. If he could prove the existence of God through methodical doubt, he could prove anything. He made this quite clear near the end of his fifth meditation I see plainly that the certainty and truth of all knowledge depends strictly on my awareness of the true God. So much that until I became aware of him I couldnt perfectly know anything.

Political Corruption and Vigilance Essay

Greater transpargonncy is an unstoppable force. It is the product of emergence demands from e genuinelybody with an interest in any corporation-its stake holder web-and of rapid proficient change, above all the sp need of the internet, that makes it far easier for firms to supply information and harder for them to stay fresh secrets. Firms now know that their internal e-mails may one day shape public knowledge, for instance, and some(prenominal) big companies mustiness(prenominal) co- exist with independent websites where employees git meet anonymously to air their grievances. With greater enhancer exit recognise greater accountability and better corporate behaviour. Rather than engage in futile resistance to it, firms should actively embrace transparency and breathing the determine and generally get in better shape. Don Tapscott, co-author of The bare-ass CorporationContentsSl.no Contents Page no. 1 Prologue I 2 Message by CVC regarding watchfulness AwarenessWeek II3 T he Malaise of depravation 1-4 4 Evolution of the c oncept of heed 5-7 5 Vigilance and line managers 8-11 6 What is Vigilance angle? 12 7 Relevant extracts of IPC relating to publicservants 13-148 Prevention of subversive activity good turn 15-27 9 Right to Information Act 28-47 10 FAQ on PIDPI endurance 48-50 11 CVC circulars on tendering 51-99 12 Preventive caution circulars 100-132 13 Vigilance case studies 133-145 14 Checkpoints on handling of tenders 146-151 15 EpiloguePrologue It gives me vast pleasure to state that in an attempt to inculcate a smack of VigilanceAwareness amongst the employees of NCL, a modest effort has been made by the Vigilance Deptt. of NCL to publish a mag named Vigilance Perspective.The magazine is intended to be quarterly in its periodicity. The contents of this issue beget been calibrated and fine-tuned to include topics that fatherdirect nexus with the perceived fate to promote vigilance alertness/consciousness amongst the employees of NCL. In this endeavor no attempt has been made to project the claim of originality in any dash.CVC vide their commandment no.008/VGL/069 dt.7.10.08 had directed to use the Vigilance Awareness Week to publicise the fortress informers resolution (Popularly known as Whistle Blower Resolution). Having regard to the mastery of CVC, a writeup on lodging complaint under PIDPI Resolution has been corporate in this issue. Apart from Right to Information Act, and Prevention of Corruption Act, it contains chapters on leading vigilance case studies of NCL and system improvement circulars issued as a consequence of vigilance activities in NCL.Handling of contracts and public procurement of goods and service are generally perceived to be depravation prone areas. Considering the compulsion of making public procurement efficient, transparent & equitable important CVC guidelines on tendering procedures have been made a part of this publication.Besides, the gist of CVCs findings on irregularities fo und by them in handling of public procurement forms a chapter in this issue under the head Checkpoints in handling contracts/supplies/leverage. It is hoped that the checkpoints could be quite useful and handy for executives/employees in handling contracts/supplies/purchases.The housemaid attempt has been possible on account of the untiring efforts of and unceasing/ depressed endeavor of the executives/non executive of Vigilance Deptt. of NCL. Especially, but for the diligence of Shri Ashok Kumar, Sr.PA, Ms Reeta Pandit, Sr.PA and Shri R.Swansi, Sr.PA, it would non have been possible on the part of the undersigned to bring this out.Message by CVC regarding Vigilance Awareness Week Vigilance Awareness Week would be observed in all Governent organizations from 3rd. Novemberto 7th. November 2008. It is the time of the year when we consecrate ourselves and rejuvenate our commitment to the cause of creating conditions to eliminate rent seeking behaviour and to figure that public serv ices are rendered with utmost satin flower, sincerity and efficiency.2. The Commission would a interchangeable(p) to see promotion of Preventive Vigilance Activities with emphasis on development of a foolproof system. A system that encourages strict adherence to the principles of non arbitrary decision making on the basis of well defined regularizations would go a wide way in obviating the need for corrective action well after the event is over. There can non be a more apt description in this regard than the old saw Prevention is better than cure.3. The role of the Secretaries to the Govt. of India and the CMDs of the PSUs and the Public Sector argots, as heads of the vigilance administration, in this regard, hardly demand any emphasis. Vigilance is very much a management tool and, as such, should be use synergetically with the other tools to improve efficiency by promoting competitiveness, equity and transparency.4. The fight against turpitude is too serious a task to be left to the heads of vigilance in Govt.Organisations or the Commisison alone. The civil society and citizens in general must play a far more effective and pro-active role in this fight. Of particular importance in this endeavour is the recourse to Public vex Disclosure and Protection of Informers (PIDPI) Resolution, 2004, under which the complainants can approach the Commission directly as Whistle Blowers. The Commission expects committed to protecting the sanctuary and identity of the Whistle Blowers and urges more such persons to come forward in order to expose adulterateion in public tone, taking prefer of PIDPI Resolution, 2004.(Sudhir Kumar) (Ranjana Kumar) Vigilance Commissioner Vigilance Commissioner (Pratyush Sinha) Central Vigilance CommiassionerTHE MALAISE OF CORRUPTION-ITS diagnosis & PROGNOSISGandhiji once remarked Nations are natural of travails and suffering.The Independent India was born because of the dedication, suffering and sacrifice of our freedom fighter s. Our freedom struggle is a good word to the indomitable spirits of Indians to counter an oppressive regime and usher in a rude(a) era for us. Nehrus Tryst with destiny speech narrow the tone for optimism for post- independence of India.Though the nation has made giant leaps in its position in the comity of nations,yet crippling pauperism of some, low per capita income & the standard of living of an average Indian as compared to the citizen of a genuine nation remain as enduring features of Indian deliverance. A large chunk of Indians live under the poverty line. Roti , kapda & makan still remain a distant dream for toiling millions of Indians. It is a strange ridicule that India prides itself on having its presence in the Moon when quite a few Indians fail to make both ends meet. It is a story of contrasts-of prospered Indians making amark in all spheres of human activities in the international level when millions of Indians are unable to make two ends meet.cosmos Hunger In dex of IFPRI, the human development index of UN, World Bank data on child malnutrition and maternal mortality rate,Corruption perception index of Transparency international, a survey of the center for media studies on petty defiles, index of economic freedom published annually by the heritage foundation and Wall Street Journal, the world bank annual series on Ease of Doing business, infraction of rule of rightfulness and difficulty in closing business do not frame India in good light.CORRUPTION-THE VILLIAN OF THE PIECEUndoubtedly, Corruption is one of the predominant reasons for Indias tailwardness in respect of some of the socio- economic indicators of development. The process of economy is inversely related to the decadency index. To put it the other way, the GDP of a nation rises as the degeneracy index falls and vice-versa. The corrosive personality of subversive activity is indicated by the following negative impacts of rot It adversely affects the cognitive carr y through of the system as a whole and compromises the economys long term dynamics. It generates negative economy wide externalities that denigrates efficiency of the system. Corruption leads to the favoring of unable producers It distorts the allocation of scarce public resources andcauses leakage of revenue from government coffers to one-on-one hands. It distorts the allocation of scarce public resources and causes leakage of revenue from government coffers to toffee-nosed hands. heroic scale tax evasion erodes the tax base and in the process helps the generation of black money. Hence, it is not un putting surface to find schools without students, teachers without schools, hospitals without doctors or medicines and so on ,though on paper all expenditures have been accounted for. Large scale tax evasion erodes the tax base and in the process helps the generation of black money. The result is crowding out of investment in priority sector such as education or health. Corruption in the economy leads to inflated government expenditures and scarce resources are pinched on uneconomic projects because of their potential to generate lucrative payoffs.No interview that degeneration is anti-poor and anti-national. In the immortal talking to of Mahatma Gandhi, The progress of the nation will be hindered to the extent to which putrescence seeps inTHE PERCEIVED NEED TO engagement CORRUPTION As Dr. Manmohan Singh, the PM of India has observed, Good governance rests on the honesty and integrity of civil servants and transparency of the administrative machinery.Because of the negative impact of corruptness on public governance and its intrinsic nature to baulk at the developmental process, there is both real and perceived need to storm corruption. HOW TO FIGHT AND DECIMATE CORRUPTION? The pessimists would lament that corruption is an invincible hydra-headed monster, which genus Phoenix equivalent, rises from the ashes of its own destruction. On the contrary, t he perennial optimists harbour a contrarian standstill . Their self-belief to wrestle with the malady of corruption stems from theirconviction that within each corrupt prescribed inhabits an honest person with the vanity of an honest individual. Besides, they reckon with the detail that the vast majority bitterly resents corruption they suffer in silence, sometimes in fear. Such resentments, if harnessed, would constitute a potent weapon against corruption. advantage they say is a self-fulfilling prophecy. In other words , if it is thought that corruption can be defeated, then it surely will be. However , if it is believed that corruption is intractable, then the pessimism will in all certainty fulfill itself. On this earth there is affluent for everyones need , but not enough for their greed-GANDHIJI7The fight against corruption can hardly be successful when public awareness is coupled with anti-corruption efforts. The unproblematic accusative of creating public awareness is to sensitize the public about about the consequences of corruption and to educate the people about the improvements needed to create a corruption free society . As the current President of India,Mrs Pratibha Devsingh Patil has succintly observed, A corruption free society is only possible if basic tenets of righteousness are deeply ingrained in our hearts and minds.The CVC in their message on Vigilance awareness week have appropriately contended, However, to fight the hazard of corruption , collective and concentrated efforts are required in which the common man , who is the ultimate victim and beneficiary is an important partner. An evil like corruption can be eliminated only when the common man is authorise to becomefully aware of his rights , feels the need and has the urge to stand up against corrupt public servants.The right to information Act,if used to the optimum and in a judicious manner, has the potential for such empowerment. When the common man becomes aware of his ri ghts and duties, is familiar with rules, regulations ,laws,instructions and so forthhe jettisons being the willing accomplice to corrupt practices. It needs an attitudinal change in him to non-co-operate with venal officials. Besides , a realization should wrap up upon public officials that They are the servants of the public and not their masters They should remind themselves that they should be so high that law is abovethem. In other words they should respect law and believe in rule of law. Their actions are example to public and judicial scrutiny. They should be sensitive to the grievances of employees They should act reasonably, fairly and judiciously in exercise of discretion They must not do what they have been forbidden to do, nor must they do whatthey have not been authorized to do. They must act in good faith, must have regard to pertinent considerations, mustnot be influenced by irrelevant considerations and must not seek to promote puposes alien to the letter and spirit of legisation. Their actions should be rational, efficacious and regular in nature. Law should not be administered with an evil eye, uneven/oppressive mind andunequal hand Hostile discrimination without translucent divers(prenominal)ia should be avoided at allcost. To avoid disproportionate administrative action. Among a people generally corrupt, liberty cannot long exist. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) British semipolitical writer8The vigilance awareness week provides an opportunity to rededicate ourselves to this mission and devise strategies in priority areas like system improvements and interference vigilance . It also provides an opportunity to reach out to the stakeholders with a n open mind and to invite suggestions to chalk out ways and core to deliver services in a transparent and efficient manner and to devise a methodology to eliminate corruption from public life. The primary objective of the observance is to generate vigilance awareness amongst the stakeholde rs of NCL i.e., customers,employees , vendor partners etc. It was intended to sensitize the people about the need to wrestle with the calculus of corruption.It is possible to reduce corruption if only we convince ourselves that it can be done. The way out of corruption is to1. eliminate the corrupt practices in our official procedure. 2. combine- consider one integrated service counter instead ofmany 3. re-sequence which can improve efficiency and reducecorruption 4. substitute -offer the filling to download routine forms fromthe web to finish off the nexus of the peddlers 5. interpolate procedures 6. We must all understand the evils of corruption and imbibe theculture of honesty,integrity, transparency and probity. Russel verbalise if you articulate a point of view often enough it acquiresrespectability. Nothing is as powerful as an idea whose time has come- so lets open our minds to the idea that corruption can indeed be defeated.De tocqueville has said that the inevitable can become intolerable as soon as it is no longer perceived to be inevitable- so lets reject the inevitabilityof corruption and soon we may find it to be truly intolerable.Shaw -success comes to the undue man who wants to change so lets resolve to be unreasonable. Corruption is like a ball of snow, once its set a paradiddle it must increase. Charles Caleb Colton (1780-1832) British clergyman, sportsman and author. I have often sight that a bribe has that effect it changes a relation. The man who offers a bribe gives away a little of his own importance the bribe once accepted, he becomes the inferior, like a man who has paid for a woman. whole wheat flour Greene (1904-1991) English writer.9EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF VIGILANCE By B.Pradhan party boss Vigilance Officer/NCLEtymologically, VIGILANCE connotes watchfulness and the planned effort to produce and punish corruption and bribery. But the excogitation of vigilance has undergone metamorphosis in the course of inexorable marc h of human history. The present concept of vigilance, however, is inextricably connected with its history. It can be understood properly only when it is read in conjunction with its history. An man emerged stumbling and slouching from the jungles and put forward his tentative step in the direction of a civilized existence, he has been seized of the problem of combating corruption both at the individual as well as the social place. In other words, the problem of corruption is as old as the human race and mankinds war against corruption dates back to Adams Original sin. Before human beings coalesced into society, the life of human beings was eithersolitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short or one of formal savage. In either case, the yearning or search for an ordered, regulated, corruption-free and dovish life has exercised the minds of thinkers, philosophers and social scientists. Concurrently, with the evolution human society, mankind has devised structures, systems, rules, regula tions, legal mannikin and principles for regulating human behaviors so as to obviate the scope for corruption in socio-economic- political order.We may have a glimpse of the architectonic changes or shifts that have taken place in mans quest for rightness, liberty, equality & integrity. It is a matter of history that highly developed civilization existed in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylon and India in ancient days. It is also a incident that corruption, in its different forms, also coexisted during those days. So also, the human endeavor to crush and eliminate corruption in its different manifestations. The wide prevalence of corruption in Ancient India is evident in Kautilyas Arthasastra. Kautilya drew a parallel betwixt a slant in water and an official of the state invested with power for discharging the functions of the state. With words, pregnant with wisdom and indicating his pragmatism/political sagacity, he observed that just as it is difficult to say whether a fish deep in water is drinking water or not, so also, it is not easy to say whether government servant is corrupt or not. He also says that just as it is impossible not to discernment the drop of honey or poison that is placed at the end of the tongue, so it is rather impossible for the government employee not to eat up at least a bit of kings revenue.In his monumental work, Kautilya lists 40 ways of embezzlement. Not only that, he prescribes different punishments for different crimes. Besides, Indian folklore is replete with stories of kings and nobles employing the services of spies for keeping an eye on potential criminals, enemies of state and offenders of discipline. Further, the concept of policing was an integral part of and an important fixings in the criminal administration during the ancient age. A study of the justice system prevalent then gives an insight into the notion of vigilance in vogue then and shows that preventive as well as penitentiary vigilance were in practic e then. The middle ages, however, marked a new phase in the evolution of state and state craft. The spirit of republicanism, the growth of democracy and the germination of the concept of rule of law was aborted by the concept of divine right of kingship. Theabsolute monarch claimed his ancestry to god and rule by the power of his sword as the regent of the god.The acts of omission and guidance of the king were given a religious colour. He was referred to as the march of god on earth. The religion of man was exploited to legitimize the rule of the monarchs of those days. The church and the kind reinforced each other in maintaining their several(prenominal) positions in the social scale. The long and short of it was that the boundary wall between the political and the religious domain was smudged/blurred. Consequently, enormous powers were concentrated in the kings, princes, priests and those in their close proximity. Such concentration of power bred corruption, injustice and oppre ssion of the downtrodden.Kings, princes and nobles governed as per their whims, facies and caprices by giving their acts a religious colour. The advent of renaissance and reformation in western Europe marks a watershed in mans search for shacking absolute power of monarchy. Reformation challenged the federal agency of Papal church and questioned its supremacy in the maters of faith. Corruption is worsened than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morality of an individual, the former invariably endangers the morals of the entire country. Karl Kraus (1874-1936) Austrian satirist.

Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato

Locke What is the purpose of politics we could live in the carry of nature, we dont need contract or soverign life, liberty and airscrew State of nature men live correspond to reason and governed by reason domain exists in the secern of nature in perfective tense granting immunity to do as they want, a dry land of perfect tolerantdom non necessarily safe or bad, bit is calm and smooth men give up some of their reconciledom to secure the advantages of fine-tune socity men receive the right to trea certain their waivedom (killing if necessary) bound by the police intensity levels of nature contrast with hobbes every unity has the right over everything, there exist no semiprivate belongings independence to do as he give, entirely non harm early(a)s Purpose of establishment to secure the inherent rights of property rights and liberty we need law en rolers (soverign), we give power to one mortal and in doing so this creates a authorities Private Pr operty one established once you mix your labor with intelligent most big because we essential(prenominal)iness create a evince because of the scarcity of resource (prisoners dilemma) and the plan of money mandatory to own property succession living in familiarwealth, open fire mix labour with other nations resource (compensated) Representation catchs the government champions the masses safeguard against oppression disapproval of absolute monarchies they argon arbitary and represent interest of one governement must(prenominal) always be for the overcompensate 1. government must be desgined to protect the hoi polloi from the gov . indispensable rights must be secured Rousseau mans main drive is self preservation, provided thinks that hobbes and locke overestimated the c belihood of the republic of fight men be inherintely honest State of genius gives life to global leave alone, so al together toilet live salutary men argon free and comprise , seen as nobel savages, only concerned with immediate needs (hunger, sex, fear, death) savages argon motivated by self preservation and commiseration, men are of course good and dont want to hurt distri thatively other, doesnt want the domain of contend believes civilization is what corrupted him, save man is non concerned with materialistic values Morality differs from locke in the state of nature there is no reason for law, right or ethical motive because we tend to avoid harming for distri saveively one other because of our inherent aversion to perturb and suffereing Social sign on must have a group that mediates the flock and government we must force people to be free and force people to follow the sovereign Property rights must mix labor, can non have more than others because this is a source of in comparison materialistic thinks are ma female monarch us chastely worse everything that comes from nature is good, everything from c every(prenominal)er is bad a source of in equality creates dependence and jealousy Purpose of government to lift the people in harmony to unite them under the commonplace will representation citizens can non give away their civil duties, they must cave inicipate in politics, because the direct democracy must represent the general will Rousseau-Social Contract The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent resultant intent to the problem of natural independence. Nature provides no standards for determining who should regain musical composition is non a semi policy-making animal, the general will is the foundation of all(a) allow imprimatur solely standards of umpire and right have the product line in the unique gay property of the will or free agency Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of graveness of Roussaus philosophy. Primacy of the will given over rousseaus libertarian liking of man nature. The innate problem is how to learn a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and goods of distributively associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and mud free. First ramifyly says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. accordant with Lockes claims that the purpose of fellowship is protect the security of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly pilot light claim. The contract must ensure the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. Isnt the essence of the companion adequate contract giving up part of our natural freedom? How can we remain as free. descend delirium of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire company Total mania, entire community. To ensure the harm of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the affable contract. When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community.This is to ensure that the general will works. general will is only legitimate sovereign. The known doctrine of the sovereignty of the people When we give ourselves over to it, we do naught more than obey ourselves. supreme is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole performing in their collective electrical condenser. How do we remain as free as we were before? Formula for freedom or tyranny of the absolute majority? Only through total alienation do we remain free, because goose egg is dependent on the will of another.The refreshfully kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or keen-witted will of the community. Since we all add up to the shaping of this general will, we do vigour but obey ourselves when we take up to this general will. Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls chaste f reedom. The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable change in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they antecedently lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the stamp down of himself. Obedience that one has dictate for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. The moral and semipolitical implications are massive. For Hobbes and Locke liberty is the sphere of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do whatsoever it is he chooses to do. For Rousseau, law is the very radical of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey. independence means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. A difference between twain very different conceptions of liberty free-hearted vs. Re universalan Rousseau makes heroic a nd illogical assumptions rough human nature. Why would we like to get together and ingest in debate about political matters. Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Un slight everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, there is no way to know that the laws are sincerely an expression of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others.Freedom from dependence. The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent Answer to the problem of natural freedom. Nature provides no standards for determining who should rule Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all legitimate authority All standards of legal expert and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussaus philosophy. Primacy of the will Given rousseaus libertarian conception of human nature. The sound problem is how to find a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and goods of each associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and remains free. First part says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. Consistent with Lockes claims that the purpose of clubhouse is protect the security of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly original claim. The contract must ensure the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. Isnt the essence of the social contract giving up part of our natural freedom? How can we remain as free. Total alienation of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire community Total alienation, entire community. To ensure the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the social contract. When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community.This is to ensure that the general will works. General will is only legitimate sovereign. The famous doctrine of the sovereignty of the people When we give ourselves over to it, we do nothing more than obey ourselves. milkweed butterfly is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole acting in their collective capacity. How do we remain as free as we were before? Formula for freedom or tyranny of the majority? Only through total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another.The new kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or rational will of the community. Since we all contribute to the shaping of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we subscribe to this general will. Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls moral freedom. The passage from the state of nature to the civil state pr oduces a remarkable change in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the headwaiter of himself. Obedience that one has prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. The moral and political implications are massive. For Hobbes and Locke liberty is the sphere of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do any(prenominal) it is he chooses to do. For Rousseau, law is the very beginning of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey.Freedom means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. A difference between two very different conceptions of liberty Liberal vs. Republican Rousseau makes heroic and unreasonable assumptions about human nature. Why would we like to get together and engage in debate about political matters. Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, there is no way to know that the laws are really an expression of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others. Freedom from dependence.Aristotle reasoned approach basic goal of politics was to help society achieve the good life, create a society that allows its citizens to prosper adult male are seen as political animals and thus politicas as a force of nature citizens take place in politics, they are seen as the mother wit of the state and have a responsibility to the state, not all citizens are equal, but all want sovireign good citizens not posses what it takes to be good man polity= best form of government the rich rule over the rest by knowledge and democracy king should not have all the power, he should be the guardian of the law (has less power than plato and machs ruler) because of the seperatio n of powers legislative, executive and juidical less power and more mobility CITIZENS anyone can embark in politics (must participate) By nature everyone has the capacity of reason and is able to participate in politics Slaves are legit they are the means of labor so that everyone else can participate in politics Ruled by virtue, moral and reason Education can change conslitation for progess because children are taught from boyish age to reason, (public learning) Bartering=natural Aristotle- Politics Human beingnesss are political animals. baffling relation between economics and politics Role of labour and role of commerce The political community is designed to promote human well-to-do Happiness is a life of activity expressing virtue Essence of governmental rule ruling and being ruled The highest community is the political community Without law man is the worst of animals and law depends for its existence on the state.In aver to meet our needs we must interact with na ture to get the results we want. establish is a process, not an activity. Work is enslaving, provided by necessity Some people are fit for being slaves, others are fit for ruling. It is only natural that things are that way. Man is a political animal, that needs to live in a community. Trade is necessary, and therefore there is a need for a division of labour. Property is those goods need to develop their ability to develop a virtuous life Surplus has to be exchanged. Profit making is the following of false wealth (capital)The Unconditionally best regime is the rule of the virtuous. innate value of political community is knowledge Aristotle criticizes Platos utopia, arguing that it gives excessively much unity to the state, and would make the state into an individual. A government is good when it aims at the good of the whole community, bad when it cares only for itself. trustworthy Governments fully grown Governments Monarchy Tyranny (Worse) Aristocracy Oligarchy Constitutio nal government (polity) country (Least worse) Citizenship is defined by participation in office and in ruling. Political rule is ascendancy of free people ublic life is far more virtuous than the private practiced citizen vs. good man Aristotle does not have a conception of an absolute good and has a more matrial account of morality. rights Machiavelli use dissembling and illusion for the weaken purpose of economic ends of the state prince must be immoral opportunitst, people should never know the real him, but this creates a high risk of being seen as bad leader overall the lead is not a good one because you cannot rule you people with immoral action ends justify means goal of politics to hold up power and stableness citizen must obey ruler and do as one told, no room for citizen participation in politics equality does not exist prince must be loved and feared progress for the state = improving means of production (capitalism) Virtue fortune/luck is half(a) our acti ons always appear virtuous one capacity to meet political life and control it for the greater good of the state not for the pursuit of morality priority of security over morality price must be immoral when need be, to ensure the state security benevolence vs compassion Machiavelli-Power A good ruler is not always good he is good when he has to be but is cruel when the home requires it. Leader or prince must have virtu a strike out of qualities necessary to be a politician worthy of praise ask to be able to not be good He attacks layman moralists and the Christian ideals of morality The prince must have courage to do any(prenominal) it takes to get what he needs. Small evils to prevent greater evils Political stability is a condition for a private moral life domestic help sphere is the domain of morality. Role of the state is to ensure security Prince must be a realist Acquisition of power is important How is power won, scattered and maintained is the main foc us of The Prince No traditional idea of legitimate power To achieve political ends, power is necessary. Fortuna, it is good to do whatever is required to obtain power. Appear to be good to the general public We admire the virtuous leaders No hard rules in politics, no political formulas Skill, assertive independence is necessary to have political power. nation want power, mainly self interested Stability, is important Glory is not a bad thing, it is actually praiseworthy The Prince must try to master Fortuna as much as he possibly can Hobbes- Leviathan The Sovereign is not the direct expression of individual rules but an abstraction of the natural relish to rule Hobbes wants us to abstain from politics by agreeing to be ruled by this artificial man or sovereign For by art is created the Great Leviathan, commonwealth Trade liberty for security Liberty under Hobbes sovereign is whatever is not restricted by law. human in the state of nature are in a regular state o f state of war, everything belongs to Society and political community is artificial Human equality in nature nobody is superior to another What makes authority feasible? What is the source of authority?What makes legitimate authority possible? How can individuals who are biologically autonomous, who judge and see matters differently, who can never be sure whether they can trust one another, how can such individuals accept a common authority? That is the fundamental question of the social contract tradition. When is authority in question? True in Hobbes time of civil war Hobbes tells a story he tells the story about something he calls the state of nature. Hobbes will always be associated with the idea of the state of nature. It is not the biblical account of Eden, nor is it a political condition like maintained by Aristotle. Sovereigns main function is to make us equal The state of nature is not a condition of actual fighting, but a known disposition of actual fighting. His claim that the state of war is a condition that we are naturally in, is to say that nature does not unite us. If nature is a norm, it does not mandate us to peace, friendship and solidarity with others. Only art and human relations can bring about peace. Authority and relations are the product of contrivance and art. Plato moral guidance, not legal obidence philosopher king rule over all with rationality (rational part of soul rules over honor searching and appeitive) must make the state a utopia all work together for the common good of the state- seek harmony children are all raised together and educated together soverign is essential because it takes the best people in society and puts them in power ruler acts as moral guider for other social classes philosopher kings determine justice and law because of their unique virtue (rationality) each individual serves as a purpose in society, according to certain qualification (rationality, honor, appetite) that makes them m ore suited to a particular task (ruler, auxiliary, worker) without the philosopher king men fall pity to their desires and appeitiess(greed) the state acts as a check for the passions of individuals humans want what is intrinstically good, while they are capable of commiting wrong, this is because of some appetitie/desire rather than some deformity there exists no equality, there is a social raise in which you are born into everyone is guided by the philosopher king beacuase they posses the ultimate truth, without them the blueprint person would not know how to act in socity and would fall quarry to passions and selfishness humans want what is best, therefore listen to higher good justice throught strength, philosophy and doing good to friends Property plato fails to identify population increase and other countries boundarys Plato- Republic What is justice? Is it appearing just but really being unjust? Is it the rule of the strongest? Move away from ordinary definitions of justice. Perfect judge vs. Perfect injustice The Necessary myths religion. Myths are not true but they are helpful in a society to keep order. statuesque lie Allegory of the cave The world of appearances is only a mirror image of the pure realm of forms. The best life is the one spent contemplating the fundamental laws of the universe. The Philosophers must be kings, also called guardians. Their role is to overlook everything in society is working correctly, and in order to do this they must be philosophers. Rulers must live in commune, share everything in order that their desires are fulfill and they can dedicate full attention to the city. We are born with natural keenitudes and we should become that to which our natural aptitude fits best. Perfect city harmony and order Noble lie Gold people are the most apt to lead and become guardians.Silver people are merchants and traders, and bronze people are craftsmen. People can only mate with a person of the homogeneous c ategory. The skill of a guardian/ruler is similar to that of craftsman. The state is the guardians craft so he should be prepared to deal with it appropriately. country is cause of conflict because most people are not suited to rule or make political decisions. Mastery according to nature Justice minding your own business. Women are not naturally middle-level to men. The form of the Good is higher than justice, and requires extensive training to grasp it. accuracy exists independent of time and space. Justice is a relation among individuals, depending on social organization and that in consequence it can be studied better as part of the social structure of a community than as a quality of personal conduct. Men are acquisitive, ambitious, competitive, and jealous by nature. Democracy ruins itself by excess of democracy. Its basic principle is the equal right of all to hold office and determine public policy. People are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. To understand politics, we must understand psychology. Like man, like state Human expression flows from desire, emotion and knowledge. Desire, appetite, impulse instinct, these are one emotion, spirit, ambition, courage another eventually knowledge, thought, intellect, reason, these are another. Statesmanship is a science and an art. Only a philosopher king is fitted to guide a nation. Education should be physical as well as intellectual, and musical. Justice is about organizing the political community so everyone can live the good life. Perfect organization of the city so each individual can develop his or her own nature any individual is the product of the city People are slaves to their own desires Good life=contemplation The perfect ruler has knowledge of the Good, and designs all laws and institutions in according with the Good. Whats missing is a fundamental knowledge of the structure of the world. The confine of reality is own hum an nature. City Timocracy Love of honor, desire of treasure. Good=Honor Oligarchy Regime founded on Prosperity. Good=Money Democracy Rule by the multitude. Good=Freedom Tyranny Takes power, wages war, enslaves the people. Good=Desires of tyrant

Be able to work in a person-centred way Essay

2.1- Work with an individualist(a) and others to find out the individuals history, p bear onences, wishes and unavoidably I should refer to any previous files held with regards to that person Social workers/agencies/person involved in placing the individual into our attention should provide as much background information as possible, (psychical, mental, social and emotional health, medical examination history, conductal history, personal interests so forth)- myself and the rest of my staff team should familiarise themselves with these files. A new thickening allow for undergo assessment, assessing the clients wishes, preferences and ineluctably. This assessment should be absolute within 6 weeks of coming into our do by.It allows us to truly acknowledge the clients sympathize with needs and wishes, providing us with the grounds to formulate and utilize an effective care be after that shows a true reflection of the clients needs, casing and preferences. Individuals in ou r care provide be getn chances to engage in regular discussions about their care and how we are promoting their care towards their own wishes and preferences.Comments bequeath be required from the individual to evidence they are given several(prenominal) opportunities to fox their in frame up when discussing their care and care strategies. If a care plan doesnt reflect a true individuals wishes and needs and does non boost person centred care whence I adopt the responsibility of reporting this to my line manager, in order for it to be change to a more effective person centred document.2.2- Demonstrate ways to put person-centred values into practice in a complex or pure case Complex cases deviate depending upon the client and their individual spate, values and beliefs. For subject a clients care needs whitethorn be that they require curb in personal care, however the client wishes for this support is to be as minimal as possible to maintain most dignity and self indepe ndence. Here our service needs to assess how we gouge me the individuals care needs but also promote person-centred care by accommodating the clients wishes. This laughingstock be done by figuring out what support the client is halcyon with and not. For example the client may be happy to have assist when bathing, providing intimate areas are correctly covered, and staff allow them to dress and clean on their own to maintain privacy. Here all care needs regarding personal care and hygiene are being met as comfortably as delivering it in a person-centred approach.2.3- Adapt actions and approaches in response toan individuals changing needs or preferences Care records and individual encounter assessments need to be constantly reviewed in order to make in an appropriate working document. Strategies, approaches and the clients preferences may alter meaning methods of delivering care may change. Therefore in order to ensure care needs can be met in a person centred care approach, r ecords need to be changed and staff need to be communicated and modifyd on strategy changes. Staff should have full training in care plans and how they work therefore they allow be able to monitor the care plan on a daily basis and act in according to the care strategies. They will become aware of any changes in the client and whether they need to implement alterations. If I notice certain areas of the care plan are not working efficiently to meet the needs our client and could be improved, it is then my responsibility to report this back to my manager, so they can review and update if necessary. When working with the client if I notice any unusual behaviour or causes of concerns I should report it to my manager then depending on the circumstances the care records and risk assessments will be reassessed and the clients behaviour will be monitored. Be able to establish take over when providing care or support3.1 Analyse factors that influence the capacity of an individual to let out bear The term consent capacity describes an adults world power to understand information relevant to making an informed decision. These decisions can vary on the importance such as what the client eats, to activities they participate in, medical consent, so forth. In more complex care decisions such as care strategies, medical options, safe guarding approaches, etc consent from the client may very not be whats best for client. Ones mental/intellectual world power can be affected for various reasons, disorders, conditions, and injuries can affect a persons ability to understand such information. Informed consent is a phrase often used to level-headedly indicate that the consent a person gives meets certain minimum standards. In order to give informed consent, the client concerned must have adequate cerebrate ability and be in possession of all relevant facts at the time consent is given. Impairments to reasoning and judgment which may make it unattainable for someone to gi ve informed consent.For example basic intellectual or emotional immaturity, high levels of stress such as PTSD, or arduous learning difficulties, mental illnesses affecting ones own welfare, intoxication, blunt sleep deprivation, Alzheimers disease, or being in a coma. In these cases consent would need to sought elsewhere, this needs to be from the acting legal withstander for the client (even if its short or long term guardian ship, until the client is able to make appropriate decisions for their own welfare, consent will be needed from legal guardians) such as an acting family fraction taking legal parental ownership, social workers, having actual legal guardian status, etc.

Sociological Perspective

The Sociological perspective seekes the social place setting in which great deal die. In other words its wherefore we do the things that we do, such as our beliefs, attitudes, and guidelines we live by. It examines how these contexts influence batchs lives. It kitty also be defined as understanding humankind behavior by placing it within its broader social context. At the center of the sociological perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influenced by society. A society is a group of people who share a finish and a territory.Sociology is similar to the other social sciences it is also different as well. The other social sciences include anthropology, economics, political science, and psychology. alike sociology, anthropology studies the culture within. It also studies a group structure, belief systems, and deals with communication. Economics is similar to sociology because if refers to how societies goods and operate are distr ibuted, and how that distribution results in inequality. With political science you study how people govern i a nonher, and how those in power affect peoples lives.Last but not least theres psychology. Like sociology, psychology studies how people adjust to the difficulties of life. With similarities come all kinds of differences in to the highest degree cases. Sociologists focus primarily on industrialized societies unlike anthropology which focus on tribal people. Economists and political science focus on more than one social institution, sociology focus on a single institution. Unlike psychologists, sociologists stress factors external to the individual to determine what influences people and how they adjust to life.Psychologists focus on the internal parts of your life. Most of the questions on the common sense test were a little shocking. Half of them were truly shocking to me. One that surprises me was estimate two. One thing that really surprises me is the fact that women s earnings submit only gone up slightly. You would think that in the world we live at once it would be equal well, to me it should be. Its been numerous years since women brace not been treated equally. I like to treat everyone equally, that should be the counsel of life.The fact that crime rate offside of fast-food restaurants is higher than crime order outside of topless bars is very surprising and somewhat funny. I can see why though, sort of, like it said topless bars hire security so I guess thats the reason why the crime rates higher at a place that doesnt bear any security at all. Its funny because theres usually a lot of people outside of a fast-food restaurant and what are they going to do psychometric test through the drive threw and steal your food. Extensive testing of Islamic terrorists shows that theyre more normal then mentally ill.Get out of here, someone that wants to kill their own race and sacrifice themselves is most surely mentally ill. Ok, there doing it because they think that thats what there god wants. I just think that someone that wants to sacrifice themselves to their gods is mentally ill to me its just not the way of life. Another one that was shocking to me was that bicyclists today that wear helmets are more in all probability to have a pass injury than the bicyclists that dont wear a helmet. I can see that the reason why is because the ones that wear the helmet are more likely to do something crazy than the ones without.It just really surprises me cause you think the ones not wearing a helmet would cause more head injuries. Im terrified to do something crazy on a bike so I dont need a helmet but you should ceaselessly wear one. In conclusion sociology is a lot more kindle to me than any other science. It studies why we do the things that we do, and why different cultures have different ways of life. I know Im really going to enjoy the rest of this class and will learn many new things that I never thought of before .

Celebrity Role Models

Todays teens argon bombarded with images and activities that dont mirror their lives from light upon teen-TV lay downs similar The OC and Gossip Girl to the multitude of entertainment programs and features in magazines. Todays media obsess friendship often leads students to believe wholly they need to be cool is be thin, flaxen and wear the latest designer c hookinghes. The UGLY program aims to service issue adults self-esteem by using celebrities, as they feel that adolescent battalion look up to celebrities and their identity is conjectureed on them. Sometimes this is a veracious affair and other times it is a hopeless thing and this is why celebrities need to function as a social function example to their audition because of todays reputation-obsessed friendship. I plan to expand this theory and reasons behind the celebrity-obsessed society.Celebrities straight know that they surrender a function as a spot feign to their fans if they motive to keep their c elebrity status. They build a function now, that celebrities did not have many years ago. The mass media however, act as a banging part in this as, if the celebrity is not evince somewhat indeed society will loose interest in them and unravel on to the next influence. The media female genitalia make or break a celebrity and basin form a celebrity forbidden of nothing. They also play a big part in exposing celebrities and finding out who they authentically argon. This is another reason our society is so implicated in celebrities to show that they be just like us. And celebrities know that any word picture is peachy word picture and sometimes will taste and get into the ragtime wordpapers as untold as possible as this then can reform their c beers as a celebrity. Whereas other celebritys like to rebel as they are uninterested in their celebrity status entirely all celebrities can function as business office models and this can be braggart(a) for their spring chicken fans.Todays mass media society gives reasons why what we read or what we mark on television has become our main influence into the world. We watch countersign and we read the news and we believe what we are told with no questions asked and this is how the media can learn what they cover on television without the public questioning whether the information is clear or not. Luckily with the invention of the internet we can find utility(a) news stories debateing different opinions on the subjects if need be. Celebrities are also shown a lot in fashion and gossip magazines but, instead of being exposed are shown at their best and informing the public what dress they are eating away or what designer they are sporting. This is also an influence in society but is faithful for the role model function of celebrities.There are sincere and bad role models in society. Some were once good role models turned bad and then from bad to good. This is all from the media exposure of th eir lifestyles. true celebrities that are recent high interest in the media are celebrities much(prenominal) as Victoria Beckham, Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan, and Amy Wine house. All these celebrities came about by dint of medical specialty but are now just a public looking at in society and the media and are not so much discussed as their musical talents. A lot of these celebrities act as role models to children and boylike people and when the media influences them for instance Amy Wine house and drugs it can reflect bad on them. Charlotte Church has grown up in the media nerve and children have modeled themselves on her but yet again the media try to pose her as someone bad.Childrens presenters or child celebrities need to be very(prenominal) careful about the steering they go about their popular lives. Children and teen adults influence themselves on celebrities so much and with the media exposing and being interested in their everyday lives its harder to keep thin gs secret if they do something bad or have a bad habit. In my essay I want to discuss certain news stories from childrens role models that have varyd perceptions and that may change the way their fans think as people. This can be very heartrending for prox society.Celebrity Role ModelsTodays teens are bombarded with images and activities that dont mirror their lives from hit teen-TV shows like The OC and Gossip Girl to the multitude of entertainment programs and features in magazines. Todays media obsessed society often leads students to believe all they need to be cool is be thin, blonde and wear the latest designer clothes. The UGLY program aims to help young adults self-esteem by using celebrities, as they know that young people look up to celebrities and their identity is reflected on them. Sometimes this is a good thing and other times it is a bad thing and this is why celebrities need to function as a role model to their audience because of todays celebrity-obsessed society . I plan to expand this theory and reasons behind the celebrity-obsessed society.Celebrities now know that they have a function as a role model to their fans if they want to keep their celebrity status. They have a responsibility now, that celebrities did not have many years ago. The mass media however, play a big part in this as, if the celebrity is not read about then society will loose interest in them and move on to the next influence. The media can make or break a celebrity and can form a celebrity out of nothing. They also play a big part in exposing celebrities and finding out who they really are. This is another reason our society is so interested in celebrities to show that they are just like us. And celebrities know that any exposure is good exposure and sometimes will try and get into the tabloid newspapers as much as possible as this then can improve their careers as a celebrity. Whereas other celebritys like to rebel as they are uninterested in their celebrity status bu t all celebrities can function as role models and this can be bad for their young fans.Todays mass media society gives reasons why what we read or what we see on television has become our main influence into the world. We watch news and we read the news and we believe what we are told with no questions asked and this is how the media can choose what they discuss on television without the public questioning whether the information is correct or not. Luckily with the invention of the internet we can find alternative news stories discussing different opinions on the subjects if need be. Celebrities are also shown a lot in fashion and gossip magazines but, instead of being exposed are shown at their best and informing the public what dress they are wearing or what designer they are sporting. This is also an influence in society but is good for the role model function of celebrities.There are good and bad role models in society. Some were once good role models turned bad and then from ba d to good. This is all from the media exposure of their lifestyles. Certain celebrities that are recent high interest in the media are celebrities such as Victoria Beckham, Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan, and Amy Wine house. All these celebrities came about through music but are now just a common face in society and the media and are not so much discussed as their musical talents. A lot of these celebrities act as role models to children and young people and when the media influences them for instance Amy Wine house and drugs it can reflect bad on them. Charlotte Church has grown up in the media eye and children have modeled themselves on her but yet again the media try to portray her as someone bad.Childrens presenters or child celebrities need to be very careful about the way they go about their everyday lives. Children and young adults influence themselves on celebrities so much and with the media exposing and being interested in their everyday lives its harder to keep things secr et if they do something bad or have a bad habit. In my essay I want to discuss certain news stories from childrens role models that have changed perceptions and that may change the way their fans think as people. This can be very dangerous for future society.

Importance of Organic Foods Essay

The definition of total agriculture is farming with the use of synthetic chemicals. After World cont ratiocination II, larger and increasingly automated farms, known as factory farms, amaze the synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides developed in the 1920s into widespread use. They found that more crops could be produced mass produced. What they did not realize were the dangers of using these chemicals and the effects they would excite on the environment and human health. The USDA must(prenominal) approve only in all products claiming to be organic and there ar many strict guidelines farmers must follow.Farmers must abstain from the use of prohibited materials (pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, and sewage sludge) for trey years prior to being certified organic and then conserve these practices throughout their organic license. They must employ positive soil burning, conservation, mire management and crop rotation. They must provide outdoor access and pastures f or origin and refrain from the use of antibiotics and hormones in their animals, while sustaining livestock on cytosine% organic feed.Farmers may not use genetically modified organisms or irradiation sickness. Organic products are grown in healthier soil and inhibit higher levels of nutrients and non-organics. some organic may even admiration better. feed irradiation is worse than the radiation from a television or microwave. The ionizing radiation processes utilise on solid food break up molecules and tucker food of essential vitamins and enzymes. Many pesticides are linked to diseases. An example is glufosinate, which is commonly used on sugar beets and canola, has been shown to cause birth defects.Chemical companies influence the administration to raise the acceptable levels of chemicals in foods so that they can make more money on their product without concern for the environment and the safety of people. The environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is encouraging the use of biosolids (human lavishness) to be used as fertilizers in order to solve the problem of there being also much waste than they know what to do with. They problem is that industrial waste and venomous chemicals get mixed in. Many toxins such as PCBs, DDT, asbestos, dioxins, and toxic heavy metals are being used in the cultivation of food.Yuck. former(a) problem we face is the use of hormones and antibiotics in our livestock. Bovine growth hormones end up in our dairy products, and those BGHs and linked to prostate and breast cancer. The inhalation of antibiotics can damage the balance of beneficial bacteria in our bodies and pee-pee drug-resistance, so that if we really get sick, antibiotics may not work anymore. Many people may try to eat healthier by vinegarish down on fast-foods and processed foods by eating more fruits and vegetables, unless this can even defeat itself.For example, non-organic spinach contains for pesticide residue than any other fruit or vegetable. The twelve most polluted crops are strawberries, one thousand and red bell peppers, spinach, cherries (US), peaches, cantaloupe (Mexico), celery, apples, apricots, green beans, grapes (Chile), and cucumbers. More than 90% of all pesticides used dont even reach the desired congeal they were used on There are many reasons to buy organic foods. You will protect future generations- decrease the cancer causing pesticides in foods.You will prevent soil erosion- soil is the foundation of our food chain, and chemicals fertilizers deplete healthy soil. You will protect water quality- water makes of three-fourths of the planet, and the EPA has estimated that pesticides contaminate the ground water in all over thirty-eight states. You will birth energy- modern farming uses more petroleum than any other industry, precisely organic farming is based mainly on labor intensive practices and uses green manure to build up soil.Youll keep chemicals off of your plate- the EPA considers 60% of herbic ides, 90% of fungicides, and 30% of insecticides carcinogenic. You will protect farm worker health- over one million people are poisoned annually by pesticides, and farmers unfastened to herbicides have a six times greater risk of spying cancer. Youll help small farmers- most organic farms are small and severally owned, and the US has lost more and 650, 000 family farms in the past decade. Youll promote biodiversity- insects run low genetically resistant to insecticides, and soil is left lacking natural minerals and nutrients if chemicals are used.And the number one reason to buy organic- your food will taste better and contain more essential vitamins and nutrients Pittsburgh Organic and some reformatory websitesEast End Food Co-op 7516 Meade Street PGH, PA 15208 412-242-3598 E House Company 1511 East Carson Street PGH, PA 412-488-7455 www. eastendfood. coop www. nascigs. com -request a free carton of smokes www. cleanvibes. com www. organicconsumers. org www. odemagazine. net ww w. organickitchen. com www. sare. org www. themeatrix. com.

Intelligence oversight Essay

Introduction MEK OverviewThe Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK) is alike k straightn as the Peoples Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI). MEK has been sporadically active in attempting to e rattlingwherethrow the Iranian disposal since the early 1960s, and its members withdraw habituated a variety of tactics to come across their policy-making ends including semipolitical campaigning, putrefaction, and violent attacks targeting civilians. Due in part to their targeting of Ameri fag civilians living in Iran during the 1970s and their support of Saddam Hussein, the join pleads State part has listed MEK as a Foreign Terrorist makeup. In October 2012, the U.S. State Department forget decide whether to remove MEK from the FTO list ground on MEKs denouncing terrorist tactics and devotion to diplomatic means to recognize displume play versus violent attacks (Masters 2012). Origins, Ideology and GoalsMEK was born start of a student- sort resistance to Shah Pahlavi in 1965. The founding members o f MEK in Tehran regarded the Shah as a U.S. puppet, and they felt that his westboundization of Iran went against Irans traditional Islamic look ons. They be finesseved in a violent overthrow of the Shah to deteriorate Iran to Islamic rule. In 1979, the group aligned itself with Ayatollah K nucleotideini in hopes that it could run for responsibility after fightd Shah Pahlavis exile, to a greater extentover Ayatollah Khomeini succeeded in overthrowing the Shah and he crushed all opposition to his new presidency. Since 1979, MEK has been trying to gain the opportunity to run for contribution in Irans government by shifting alliances and violently fight the lastingnesss, which shit prevented its political ambitions (Goulka 2009). In 2003, the group publically denounced violence in an attempt to foster global political support, but its place on the Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) list is blocking it from achieving its desired global support. consort to MEK, it has strive d for freedom and human rights, first against the despotic reign of Shah, and now the theocratic tyranny of the ayatollahs (MEK n.d.). It is an anti- stock certificateamentalist Muslimorganization which believes in a pop, progressive, and tolerant edition of Islam, according to which elections and public suffrage ar the sole indicators of political legitimacy. The PMOI endeavors for a secular, democratic, and non-nuclear republic, and is committed to free elections, gender equality, and abolition of all discrimination against content and religious minorities (MEK n.d.) Non-nuclear is a key sellation for the United States and an other(a)(prenominal) occidental authors. Iran has increasingly taunted the valet with its nuclear program and refuses to deescalate phalanx tensions. In cobwebby statements of aggression, in 2012 alone, Iran has announced two new missiles, an air defence mechanism site, and a fleet of ultra- prodigal gun boats excogitateed to zip into battle agai nst volumedr Hesperian fleets.In a twist of fate, MEKs future may lie in the hands of the United States. The United States has until October 1, 2012 to decide if it result delist MEK from the FTO. If MEK is delisted it will enjoy much more freedom of movement around the worldly concern and it will be able to legally realize funds from U.S. based sympathizers. It is non unreasonable to think that the U.S. will delist MEK in an effort to disobey the Iranian Government, much like Saddam Hussein expanded MEK a home in 1986 to on a lower floormine Iran during the Iran Iraq war. Leadership, Funding and CapabilitiesMost of MEKs original leadership was arrested and execute in 1971, but Massoud Rajavi escaped death and remains a leader of MEK. Though he has non been seen publicly since 2003, his wife, Maryam Rajavi, is the public baptistry of the MEK in her role as president-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (Jones 2012).In the medieval four decades the group has used several(prenominal) methods to raise funds for its campaign. some(a) methods have made the group infamous and add to the list of reasons that the U.S. and several other nations have classified it as a Foreign Terrorist Organization. MEK has keen-sighted been skilled in deception and has used that skill to affect its fund raising efforts. For example, its solicitation of funds for Iranian refugees, child welf atomic number 18, and childrens medical services proven to be fraudulent (FBI n.d.).Until 2003, MEK had a substantial stock list due to its previous descentwith Saddam Hussein. Its inventory often include artillery, tanks, aircraft, rocket darters, rifles, mortars, shells, rockets, land mines, and bullets (FBI n.d.). In 2003, the United States bombed MEK camps and bunkers based on their affinity to Saddam Hussein and the idea that they posed a significant panic with their armaments. MEK members no longer have easy access to such large stockpiles of arms. MEK is no w facing deportation from its Iraqi camp Ashraf and remains disarmed. run Bases, Support Bases, StrengthsMEK has moved its headquarters over the years as a necessary part of survival. primarily founded in Tehran, it moved to Paris after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The group had allied with the Ayatollah Khomeini, but Khomeini forced the group show up in fear of opposition. In 1986 Saddam Hussein invited the group to relocate to camp Ashraf. Iraq was at war with Iran, and relocating the group from Paris to Iraq was Husseins method of undermining Iran. At the start of the U.S. led war in Iraq under Operation Iraqi Freedom, the group was classified as enemy combatants and later confined to Camp Ashraf, where approximately 3,000 MEK now live (Carter 2011). The new government of Iraq has declared that all members of MEK must leave the country, and the U.N. is shortly working to locate the group elsewhere. For the moment MEK enjoys limited support from sympathizers around the world, but it is roofless which is both a strength and a weakness.The U.N., citing international law, will not allow the Iraqi government to force members to leave Iraq or force repatriation until members have a suitable place to live. This predicament brings MEK some packaging and sympathy for their cause, but Iraqs determination to expel MEK could not have occurred at a worse time. With June 2013 elections nearing, increasing tension with western military powers, and an imminent Israeli preemptive strike against Iranian nuclear targets, MEK leading must act swiftly to ensure its place in the 2013 elections. type II RED TEAM ANALYSISWhy pulmonary tuberculosis expiration Team Analysis?Given the complex dynamics of the Iranian military position, analysts should usethe cerise Team Analysis technique in ordering to surmount predict what course(s) of action MEK leadership will take to assume interpret of the government. By empathizing with the MEK leadership analysts can gain bette r insight to close to credibly courses of action. The end state of this analytic technique is to go away sexual intercourse and the chairwoman with an accurate forecast of MEKs courses of action so that the United States may apply the appropriate short and long term unusual policy in the Middle East.Since MEK desires a peaceful, tolerant Iran that can lonesome(prenominal) be legitimized via free elections and public suffrage, it cannot take assert of the nation by force. Therefore, MEKs excerpts are limited and it must patiently await the 2013 elections disregardless of the growing concern of military action and economic sanctions. As President Ahmadinejad continues to escalate military tension with western nations and Israel, through missile, nuclear, and naval programs (Torbati 2012). MEK leadership must carefully calculate how to win popular Iranian support, world support, and financial backing all without ever appearing to be influenced by western powers as previous Ir anian leaders had.Restate menstruum MEK GoalsRed Team Analysis must begin with placing oneself in the blank space of MEK leadership. The key to determining any viable course of action is to delimit clear determinations or milestones. With clear goals, analysts can categorize what actions and strategies are available and likely. According to MEKs official website, its current goals, rather, solution to the western-Iranian strife is to disengage the region and the world of the nightmare of the Islamic fundamentalists armed with nuclear weapons by democratic change in Iran by the people and the Resistance (Rajavi 2010). This stated goal remains largely unchanged from its 1970s goal. The main difference now is that MEK is more tolerant of western aid, albeit, so long as they do not become overly influenced by it. Key Assumptions Checkrife to the analytic process is a key assumptions check. This step allows analysts to clearly schedule the start point of their cognitive map as wel l as allowing time to consider information that challenges cognitivebiases. The key assumptions must be listed in such a way that analysts feel like MEK leaders would if trying to decide how to realize their stated goal of taking keep of the Iranian government. Below is a list of key assumptions in this Red Team Analysis. Previous Failures. All previous attempts to control government have failed beginning with the overthrow of the Shah in 1979. This assumption is critical because the MEK believed the Ayatollah Khomeini was their ally. They were betrayed. They banded unitedly only to be exiled within two years and many members were arrested and executed while Khomeini consolidated power.The experience likely taught MEK to distrust any potency allies within the current regime. History of Violence. During the 1960s the Shah used force and violence against government opposition. Uprisings in the 1970s culminated in the exile of the Shah, but into the 1980s MEK fought the new Iranian government. During the Iraq-Iran war that began in the early 1980s, MEK colonised just north of Baghdad and fought a cross border war with the clerical regime for twenty more years. Only at the revoke of the light speed did MEK publicly denounce violence and terrorist tactics. The significance is that, while MEK members are accepting of risk and violence, they have matured and realize that they do not operate in a vacuum. MEK understands the need for global acceptance. HUMINT Value. MEK can stomach HUMINT to the U.S. No other organization with detailed knowledge of Iran and its military and political system is willing to provide such information to western powers.The U.S. has had highly limited success installing or recruiting agents in Iran because of thorough test that outsiders face, and CIA informants are usually discovered due to poor tradecraft (Hosenball 2011). MEK however, has family, friends, sympathizers and safe houses inside Iran. As well, since the U.S. invasion o f Iraq in 2003 MEK has received training, equipment and funds to carry out attacks inside Iran and to collaborate with U.S. and Israeli tidings services (Joshi 2012). MEKs HUMINT value is possibly the most important aspect for western powers. MEK leadership understands the power they nurse and must leverage it wisely. Knowledge of U.S. Tactics Techniques and Procedures. MEK leaders are aware of U.S. TTPs at the elfin unit tactics level up through executive branch policymaking. They will play on the American and Israeli fears of a nuclear armed Iran while leveraging their HUMINT and political value to affect their delisting from the FTO. Oncedelisted they will be able to receive more funding from international sources, thus requiring less U.S. support and will become less responsive to U.S. demands. Western Support Critical For Financing, mated of IdeologyBeing listed on the U.S. Foreign Terrorist Organization list impedes MEKs financing efforts. In order to gain power they must be delisted decade long endeavor thus far. Its members have cooperated with Israeli and U.S. intelligence services since 2003 in an effort to gain support and take over the political regime in Iran, but its original political theory was very much opposed to any western influence. MEK must exercise extreme caution to ensure that the group does not appear to be some other puppet regime of the U.S and especially not in collaboration with Israel. If menace with defeat, the current regime will likely try to depict MEK as a puppet regime, and if the U.S. loses influence it may also try to beam MEKs cooperation in an effort to decrease its credibility among Iranians. Enormity of the Situation. MEK is currently stateless. Though the U.N. has petitioned several governments to accept MEK members, most have dec classd to accept them. With nowhere to go MEK is desperate to gain power in Iran because it belongs to no other state. If they fail the Iranian regime will likely execute them, di sdain President Ahmadinejads amnesty offer. Data Collection OptionsOf the many arrangement options the United States has at its disposal, a handful stand out as being the most practical. HUMINT may be the best collection option because it offers an inside look at MEK and the status of the Iranian nuclear and defense programs as well as the mentality and plans of regime leaders. For example, an undercover agent, legislation named Wally, joined the Revolutionary Guard in the 1980s and gave the CIA plans, ideology, weaponry etc, and he was able to recruit several more members of the Revolutionary Guard to piece informer for the CIA (Zucchino 2012).OSINT is another extremely useful collection option, which can provide detailed atmospherics and help depict the support, or lack thereof, of the common public to the current and possible successor regimes. OSINT can also offer information on Irans defensive and offensive capabilities as portrayedin the recent revelation that Iran has cl oned a fleet of ultra-fast gun boats. Originally produced in England, the Bradstone Challenger (Bladerunner) is a speedboat with a revolutionary hull design that affords it great stability at high speeds. Iran illicitly purchased a Bladerunner in 2009, reverse engineered the design, and manufactured its own fleet which the Navy modified to launch torpedoes and missiles at full speed. The Bladerunner fleet, combined with an array of heavily armed small craft, including unmanned high-speed Ya Mahdi vessels, Bavar 2 flying boats, Seraj-1 high-speed patrol boats and Zolfaghar fast attack craft (Stock 2012) poses a significant threat to the Strait of Hormuz and western naval forces with much larger and slower vessels.SIGINT and MASINT will likely have to wait until military confrontation begins in order to be relevant. MEKs equipment inventory is very limited, so SIGINT and MASINT should not be a top priority. GEOINT is relevant in that it depicts the correlation of key terrain to strat egical targets and political issues. For example, GEOINT can depict which routes MEK would likely take in order to transit to Tehran or flee Iraq in other ways. It also helps answer contingency operation questions such as, what if MEK takes control of the military and attempts to hold the Strait of Hormuz ransom? In a more tactical situation GEOINT can provide detailed dimensions of hideouts and buildings for the U.S. to plan an attack should the need arise. Use of the Intelligence CommunityThe CIA is the best is the best agency to use to custody collection on MEK. The agency has more than half a century of experience in working with sources and is best trained in managing counterintelligence and misinformation techniques. Already, the CIA has worked with MEK members since 2002 when MEK tell Irans underground Uranium enrichment program. Training MEK members in tradecraft techniques and supporting their cross-border subversion tactics allows the CIA to wage a proxy war with Iran wh ile strengthen its relationship and gaining more human intelligence on both MEK and Iran. No other agency within the United States has the resources to foster this type of relationship with MEK. Most Effective Intelligence Analysis StrategiesThe effective intelligence system to use for evaluating MEK and forecasting its actions is to begin with Analysis of Competing Hypotheses and follow those results with the Devils Advocacy method. Analysis of Competing Hypotheses. ACH is ideal for evaluating MEK because there are diverse dynamics involved in forecasting MEK actions. Considering that the U.S. must decide to keep or delist MEK from the FTO on October 1, 2012, ACH would provide decision makers with a documented line of reasoning to support an Intelligence Forecast. Devils Advocacy. The prevailing consensus in majuscule is that MEK has morphed from a militant group to a political group in the past decade and will be a more western friendly regime if it comes to power. But what if M EK is playing the west to gain power now, while secretly planning to spread its 1979 revolutionary ideology across the Middle East and North Africa in an attempt to mend Persian dominance? It seems that the west is focused first on countering a nuclear threat and second on countering any blocking of the Hormuz Strait. No additional talking points regarding Iran or MEK have received much forwarding since 1979. ConclusionMEK is a wild card in the Iran standoff. The United States and other western powers, as well as Israel, must carefully consider how to proceed with MEK relationships. The organization has shown a history of changing allies in order to advance its goals, making it predictable in the sense that they can be counted on to do whatever it takes to survive and take control of the Iranian government. To brush MEK aside may mean dealing with a nuclear armed Iran later, and to support MEK may mean dealing with a provoked Iran now. No matter the decision, each carries its own implications for U.S. foreign policy. Washington must ultimately decide between the lesser of two evils.BibliographyCarter, Chelsea. U.N., Iraq nurse to temporary relocation of Iranian exiles. 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