Sherif 1954 Essay Example for Free

Sherif 1954 EssayAim To memorise the origin of prejudice arising from the formation of neighborly radicalsSherif carried out research into throngs, leadership and the effect assemblys had on attitudes and demeanor. The Robbers cave Study built upon his previous work. He public opinion that social behaviour could non be hit the books properly by looking at individuals in isolation. He recognised how social organisation differs amid cultures and affects group practices, so he claimed that groups have to be understood as part of a social structure. The Robbers Cave Study used cardinal groups of unripe boys to find how the groups actual if and how conflict among the groups arose and how to shrink any much(prenominal) friction. Three terms defined according to Sherif aresmall group individuals sell a common cultivation that fosters interaction individuals are affected divergently by being in a group an in-group develops with its own hierarchy and a stick of no rms is standardised norm a product of group interaction that regulates member behaviour in terms of expected or ideal behaviour group a social unit with a number of individuals who are interdependent and have a set of norms and values for self regulation individuals have roles within the unitProcedure22 young boys, aged 11, who did not know individually other prior to the study. All from Protestant Oklahoma families to forefend family problems and match the kids as much as possible. They were also matched based on a rating, including their IQ, from their teachers and were finally reassessed and matched , including issues such as sporting ability, before the taste began. A nominal fee was charged for the children to attend the campground and they were not informed that they were being used for a piece of research in order to draw true resultsThe CampThe experiment is called the Robbers Cave Study because it took place in a camp at Robbers Cave State Park, Oklahoma. The locatio n was a 200-acre Boy Scouts of America camp completely surrounded by the State Park. The site was isolated and keeping the ii groups apart (at eldest) was easy because of the layout of the site, as shown in the platData Collection in that location was a wide range of data collection methodsobserver actor observer allocated to each group for 12 hours a day sociometric analysis issues such as association patterns were noted and studied experiment boys had to collect beans and estimate how many each boy had collected show recordings words and phrases used to describe their own group were studied The observers were trained not to influence the boys decisions except to help them once a decision was reachedThree order ExperimentThe two groups were formed and set up norms and hierarchies (to see how they became in-groups) The two groups were introduced and competition was set up, as a tournament (to test for friction, name-calling and aggressiveness to the out-group) The two g roups were set goals that they needed each other to achieve Stage 1 in-group formationThe two groups were kept apart for one week to help the formation of group norms and relations. They had to work as a group to achieve common goals that required cooperation. Data was ga at that placed by observation, including rating of emerging relationships, sociometric measures and experimental judgements. Status positions and roles in the groups were studied. There is much detail just about how hierarchies within each group developed. The measurements were thought to be both valid and reliable because different data collection methods produced similar results. For example, in the bean-collecting task, the boys tended to overrate the number of beans their own group members had collected and underestimate the number collected by the other group (the number of beans was actually the same).Stage 2 inter-group relations, the friction phaseAfter the first week, the two groups were told about one another and a tournament was set up with competitive activities. Points could be earned for the group and there were rewards. As soon as they heard about each other, the two groups became hostile. They wanted to childs act each other at baseball, so they effectively set up their own tournament, which was what the researchers wanted.The aim of the experiment was to make one group frustrated because of the other group, to see if negative attitudes developed. Adjectives and phrases were recorded to see if they were uncomplimentary and behaviour was observed as previously. The researchers introduced the collecting the beans experiment the boys had to collect beans and then judge how many each boy had collected. This was to see if the boys overestimated the abilities of the in-group members and minimised the abilities of the out-group members. As was mentioned before, this was the case.Stage 3 inter-group relations, the integrationThe researchers wanted to achieve harmony mingled wit h the two groups, which they did by introducing superordinate goals. This meant that the groups would have to work together to achieve the goals. At first, they introduced tasks that simply brought the two groups together so that they could communicate. They then introduced the superordinate goals, which includedfixing the urine tank and pump when the water supply was threatened a truck that would not counterbalance, so they had to pull together to canvas and start it pooling resources so that they could afford a film that they all wanted to watch The researchers measured the use of uncomplimentary terms and used observation and rating of stereotyping.ResultsStage 1 in-group formationBy the end of the first Stage, the boys had given themselves names the Rattlers and the Eagles. The groups developed similarly, that this was expected due to how carefully they had been matched. Any differences present were most likely due to the different decisions they had to make based on their cabins being located in different areas. For both groups, status positions were settled over days five and six of the first week, and a evanesce group leader was in place.The Rattlers often discussed the situation of the Eagles, saying things such as They had better not be swimming in our swimming hole. Although the Eagles did not refer to the Rattlers so often, they wanted to play a competition game with them. It seems that even only knowing another group existed was enough curtilage for repulsion to develop, even though neither group had been introduced yet.Stage 2 inter-group relations, the friction phaseAs soon as the groups found out about each other, they wanted to play baseball in a group competition and so both groups had naturally moved onto Stage 2. The Rattlers were excited, and discussed such issues such as protecting their flag. The Eagles werent as excited, but made such comments as we will play out them. The Eagle selected as baseball captain for the baseball comp etition became the group leader of the Eagles for all of Stage 2, even though he was not the group leader at the end of Stage 1.When the two groups first met, there was a lot of name calling. There is evidence collected, including what the boys said, who they were friends with and practical issues (such as the vehement of a flag). It was found that there were clearly negative attitudes towards the out-group members.Stage 3 inter-group relations, the integrationDuring the initial contacts of this Stage, the hostility remained. There were comments such as ladies first and when they watched a group movie together, they sat separated in their individual groups. After seven contact activities, there were superordinate goals set up1 The staff turned off the valve to the water pump and placed two large boulders over it. The children were informed that vandals had alter it in the past. They worked together to fix the damage and rejoiced in common when they were successful2 The second goa l was to watch a movie together, but both groups had to chip in to pay for it. They eventually agree to go halves even though one group had fewer members than the others. However, this agreement showed that the two groups cooperated to arrive at one final decision which they both were happy with3 The boys all went on an organised offset to Cedar Lake, where the truck suddenly developed a problem meaning the boys had to use the tug-of-war rope to try and pull it out and get it startedIt was noticeable how friendships differed between Stage 2 and 3. More out-group members were chosen as friends by the end of Stage 3, which is evidence that friction was reduced by the superordinate goals outlined.ConclusionsMost of the hypotheses contrive forward by the researchers at the beginning of the study were confirmed. Some of the conclusions drawn from the experiment includeThe groups developed social hierarchies and group norms, even though they were not stable throughout the study Each gro up had a clear leadership structure by the end of the first week When the two groups chance for competition, in-group solidarity and cooperation increases and inter-group hostility is strong People tend to overestimate the abilities of their own group members and to minimise the abilities of out-group members Contact between two groups is not enough to reduce hostility When groups needed to work together, exchanged tools, shared responsibilities and hold how to solve problems, friction was reduced working towards a superordinate goal once was not sufficient, there needed to be numerous cooperation tasks to achieve thisEvaluationStrengthsThere were controls, such as the careful ingest and the briefing observers so they all followed the same procedures, this meant that cause-and-effect conclusions could be drawn more justifiably than when observing naturally-occurring groups There were several data collection methods and the findings agreed, so validity was claimed for example, d erogatory behaviour and recordings found derogatory remarks against the out-group The group conflict could be seen as prejudice reduction of friction would be reducing the prejudice, therefore the study has a practical applicationWeaknessesIt was unethical in the sense that there was no informed take to obtained, there was no right to withdraw for the participants (also, the boys parents were not allowed to visit to prevent them feeling homesick but this meant they could not check on their childrens welfare) It was hard to generalise to other situations because the sample was restricted to boys with a specific background