Village Election and Corruption

Village election and Corruption in China Background (problem) In China,the election form refers to the election of deputies to the peoples congresses at various levels, which includes general local election and the election of deputies from the armed forces, in the special administrative regions. There atomic number 18 two kinds of election direct election and indirect election. 1. Direct election means voters directly elect deputies to the peoples congresses by casting their votes.Direct elections be applicable to the election of deputies to the peoples congresses of the counties, districts, townships and towns, which Chinas authoritarian(the leadinghip of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) regime has allowed, encouraged, and required to be held at the village level,but non at higher(prenominal) levels. 2. Indirect election means deputies to the peoples congresses at the next higher level are take by deputies to the peoples congresses at the next lower level.Indirect elections are applicable to the election of deputies to peoples congresses above the county level and deputies among the armed forces at the same level and deputies to the NPC(National Peoples Congress) elected from special administrative regions. In this essay, I will focus on the direct election(village election). Since the problem of corruption in the village election is very honey oil in China,such as dealing-votes, treating to dinner to persuade by promising private goods and so on. Mainly comes from the following aspects 1. In a bittie electorate, campaigning is non an effective strategy to win an election.In contrast, vote debaseingcorruptioncan easily be an effective means to win an election with a small electorate. A Chinese village is small adequacy a community for each villager to know all the other villagers in person as they move with each other on a daily basis and voters may already know whether the vista has the intention and ability to provide public goods, which coul d frame the condition of perfect information, in other words,in a village election, voters and candidates know each other personally, and voters may easily acquire personal information approximately the candidates.Therefore, because under the conditions of perfect information, it is not costly for a candidate to seek office by treating a subset of the electorate to dinner or to give private goods to voters. On the other hand, it is relatively costly to attempt to sway voters by stating policy proposals that promise the provision of public goods for the whole electorate. 2.In China village elections, officials in the do of monitoring village elections do not rent a strong incentive to regulate the elections because implementation of fair village elections is not considered an important measurement for the evaluation of local officials by higher authorities (Edin 2003 OBrien and Li 1999 but Kennedy 2007). 3. the cost of penalization for the corrupt act of buy votes is low in th e case of Chinas village elections.Even with formal rules stipulating severe punishment, if people do not believe that cases of corruption are revealed and formal rules are enforced, the punishment will not be considered a cost of the illegal act and will not deter it (Tsebelis 1989). Therefore, it is not puzzling that candidates deal to buy votes by providing private goods in campaigns for Chinese village elections. Model setting The model describes the electoral competition between two candidates as a noncooperative simultaneous-move game.In the model, two candidates compete to win an election,and at equipoises, electoral competition would increase the probability of vote buying in electorate. In other words, electoral competition gives strong incentives for candidates to buy votes, but not to form an organization for mobilizing votes in a electorate. 1. The Candidates Choice of Strategies and Payoffs Assume 1. If both candidates adopt the same strategy, Candidate 1 will have a chance to win the election with the probability of p and Candidate 2 will have a chance to win the election with the probability of 1 p (0 < p < 1).And we let 0 < p ? 0. 5,which means the candidate 1 is weaker. 2. if one candidate buys votes while the other candidate does not,the candidate that has bought votes will win. Utility The utility of the candidate gaining from winning the election is denoted U (U > 0). Strategies Each candidate has two strategies buying votes (BV) and not buying votes (NBV). Cost of buying votes (C) the multiplication of the cost to buy one vote (? ) and the number of votes needed to buy (V). C= ?V suppose that C1>C2 (the cost of buying votes to win is higher as the candidate is weaker. ) Competitivenesswe can define the competitiveness of an election as the difficulty with which one can predict who will win, the election whose repute of p is closer to 0. 5 will be considered more than competitive. candidate2 Buying votes candidate1 Buying vo tes Not buying votes (pU-C1), (1-p)U-C2 0, U-C2 Not buying votes U-C1, pU, 0 (1-p)U The matrix in shows the incentives affecting candidates in a village election. . Solution of the model Since assume that 0 < p? 0. 5 and assume without loss of generality that Candidate 1 is weaker. Candidates 1 and 2 must choose their strategies simultaneously. Thus, neither candidate is certain about which strategy the other candidate will take. (BV, BV) will be equilibrium if U? C1/p (NBV, BV) will be equilibrium if C1/p? U? C2/p (NBV, NBV) will be equilibrium if U? C1/p (BV, NBV) can not be equilibrium, since we can not find any U that satisfies U? C1/(1-p) and U?C2/(1-p) as well. Because C1/(1-p)? C2/(1-p). As an election becomes more competitive(p is closer to 0. 5),the range where at least one candidate always buys votes,U? C2/p is larger. Moreover as p is larger,the range where neither candidate buy votes,U? C1/p is smaller. Overall, candidates are more likely to choose the strategy of buyi ng votes as an election becomes more competitive. In the villages where each candidates expected value of winning an election is high, the candidate is tempted to buy votes.Proposal Would electoral competition prevent a corrupt candidate from being elected? From the model, we can see, candidates are more likely to choose the strategy of buying votes as an election becomes more competitive, which may generate the following new hypothesis effective informal institutions would make it easier for villagers to reach a pre-electoral consensus, make a village election less competitive, and give candidates less incentive to promise the provision of private goods.How to reach a pre-electoral consensus? Since a Chinese village is enough small that could lead to human relationship system in village. In multi-kinship villages, whether pre-electoral consensus is reached and hence an election is not corrupt would depend on the relationship among kinship leaders.If the kinship leaders are in conf lict, villagers would fail to reach pre-electoral consensus, an election would be competitive, vote buying would be more likely meanwhile, if relations among kinship leaders are cooperative, the village would succeed in reaching pre-electoral consensus, an election would not be competitive, vote buying would be less likely, and public goods would be in good order provided. Therefore,how to prevent a vote-buying candidate from getting elected is a major policy question for Chinas village elections.