The Effects of Global Warming :: Global Warming Climate Change

The Effects of Global Warming What is global warming, and how is it affecting the Earth and its inhabitants? Global warming is sometimes referred to as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth's surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to become warmer. The greenhouse effect is what is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise, and creating many problems that will begin to occur in the coming decades. For the last 10,000 years, the Earth's climate has been extraordinarily beneficial to mankind. "Humans have prospered tremendously well under a benign atmosphere," (Bates 28). Today, however, major changes are taking place. People are conducting an inadvertent global experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer, which allows life to exist on the Earth's surface. All of these activities are unfavorably altering the composition of the biosphere and the Earth's heat balance. If we do not slow down our use of fossil fuels and stop destroying, the forests, the world could become hotter than it has been in the past million years. Average global temperatures have risen 1 degree Fahrenheit over the last century. If carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could rise five to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. The warning will be the greatest at the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, with the largest temperature rises occurring in winter. Most areas will experience summertime highs well above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. New temperature records will be set each year. As a possible prelude to global warming, the decade of the 1980's has had the six hottest years of the century (Erandson 18-22). Atmospheric disturbances brought on by the additional warming will produce more violent storms and larger death tolls. Some areas, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, will dry out and a greater occurrence of lightning strikes will set massive forest fires. The charring of the Earth by natural and man-made forest fires will dump additional quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Changes in temperature and rainfall brought on by global warming will in turn change the composition of the forests. At the present rate of destruction, most of the rain forests will be gone by the middle of the next century. The Effects of Global Warming :: Global Warming Climate Change The Effects of Global Warming What is global warming, and how is it affecting the Earth and its inhabitants? Global warming is sometimes referred to as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth's surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to become warmer. The greenhouse effect is what is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise, and creating many problems that will begin to occur in the coming decades. For the last 10,000 years, the Earth's climate has been extraordinarily beneficial to mankind. "Humans have prospered tremendously well under a benign atmosphere," (Bates 28). Today, however, major changes are taking place. People are conducting an inadvertent global experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer, which allows life to exist on the Earth's surface. All of these activities are unfavorably altering the composition of the biosphere and the Earth's heat balance. If we do not slow down our use of fossil fuels and stop destroying, the forests, the world could become hotter than it has been in the past million years. Average global temperatures have risen 1 degree Fahrenheit over the last century. If carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could rise five to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. The warning will be the greatest at the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, with the largest temperature rises occurring in winter. Most areas will experience summertime highs well above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. New temperature records will be set each year. As a possible prelude to global warming, the decade of the 1980's has had the six hottest years of the century (Erandson 18-22). Atmospheric disturbances brought on by the additional warming will produce more violent storms and larger death tolls. Some areas, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, will dry out and a greater occurrence of lightning strikes will set massive forest fires. The charring of the Earth by natural and man-made forest fires will dump additional quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Changes in temperature and rainfall brought on by global warming will in turn change the composition of the forests. At the present rate of destruction, most of the rain forests will be gone by the middle of the next century.

French Lieutenant’s Woman Essay and Techniques Postmodernism

Examine how FLW represents a postmodern way of thinking. Postmodernism encompasses a reinterpretation of classical ideas, forms and practices and reflects and rejects the ideologies of previous movements in the arts. The postmodern movement has made way for new ways of thinking and a new theoretical base when criticising art, literature, sexuality and history. John Fowles’ 1969 historical bricolage, The French Lieutenant’s Woman, utilises the ideas of postmodern theorists such as Foucault, Barthes and Sartre amongst others to form a postmodern double-coded discourse which examines values inherent in the Victorian era from a twentieth century context. The novel’s use of intertextuality, metafiction and its irreverent attitude can be seen as a postmodern parody of Victorian fiction and the historical novel. For the purpose of examining the values and ideologies of the Victorian era in comparison to the postmodern paradigm, Victorian conventions are shown juxtaposed with postmodern techniques such as the authorial intrusion and alternative endings. Sarah Woodruff is different from other characters in The French Lieutenant’s Woman because she is epistemologically unique and because the narrator does not have access to her inner thoughts: in chapter 13 the author directly addresses the reader and states that he gives his characters the free will to determine their outcome in his novel. In a typical Victorian context, the protagonist’s inner conflict and motives would be exposed to the reader. Fowles denies his right as the author to impose definition of characters and in this way recognises â€Å"the age of Alain-Robbe Grillet and Roland Barthes† in bringing about the â€Å"death of the author† and the birth of the â€Å"reader†. The reader must interpret the text in ways (s)he views it and is forced to actively engage in the text. Fowles also introduces the author as a god-like figure (who turns back time) to craft multiple endings. He (the author) allows Sarah to act in an existentialist way to determine her outcome in the novel. It allows her to exercise her individuality, making her stand as a lone feminist figure amongst the tides of Victorian conventionality. The novel rewrites Victorian sexuality and in this way is an example of the way the sexual revolution of the 1960s is described in the historical novel of its time. Foucault described the Victorian period as the â€Å"golden age of repression† and he revises the notion that the Victorian era was silent on sexual matters in his works. Both Foucault and The French Lieutenant’s Woman claim that the forms of power and resistance are historically conditioned. For example, Sarah’s body is still institutionalised at the end of the novel since she appears only as a minor character in Rosetti’s house. The fact that Sarah is an anachronistic creation points to the idea that the novel is not about the Victorian era but a critique of relative values in their context. The metafictional structure of the novel successfully elucidates that Sarah seems to be subordinated in the patriarchal power of the contemporary narrator- it also endeavours to show that even the most emancipated groups during the Victorian period could not carry the liberation of women completely. This is a reflexion of what Fowles deems backward in the context of his society, and is apparent in Sarah’s repressed sexuality; and the blatant disparity regarding notions of female sexuality: Ernestina is always confined within the strict boundaries of patriarchal, societal convention- this is shown by the way she represses her sexual desire for Charles, being content with the most â€Å"chaste of kisses†. In this way the novel represents the truth as a form of pleasure in a Foucauldian sense. The institutionalisation of prostitutes, a somewhat clandestine pastime for Victorian gentlemen, is a situation that reflects the obvious hypocrisy of Victorian society when compared to Sarah’s situation. She (Sarah) is labelled a â€Å"fallen women† (hence her nickname â€Å"Tragedy†) and is ostracised because of her free-will and â€Å"feminine misconduct†. Charles finds her forwardness rather intimidating as it goes against his beliefs that the stratification of society is a vital element of social stability. This enforces Charles’ Darwinian beliefs about the social hierarchy (in reference to Social Darwinism). Darwinian evolution finds its expression by creating a new way of thinking. Fowles’ novel represents the great crisis of Darwinian Victorian England and traces its impact on society. Charles questions his religion in the Church, admitting he is agnostic, and the narrator himself labels Charles as having agnostic qualities. At the end of the novel Charles has become a â€Å"modern man† and Sarah the â€Å"hopeful monster† who feels alienated in Victorian culture without being able to conceptualise Charles’ intuitive understanding of her otherness and modernity. Darwinian evolution and nineteenth century psychology are portrayed in The French Lieutenant’s Woman as providing a corrective culture dominated by narrow minded Evangelicalism. Examples can be observed in Mrs Poulteney’s fickle attempts at being charitable, her dismissive attitude towards her duty to the church which is merely a habitual pastime for her, and her decision to dismiss Sarah. Then novel’s intertextuality is made up of its bricolage of history and fiction. Victorian epigraphs (and the irony used in them) serve to reconstruct the cultural milieu of the age using representations of facets of its literary world through the poetry of Hardy, Tennyson, Arnold and Clough. It provides a context within which the characters try to construct their subjectivities where they can emancipate themselves from the novel’s dominant ideology (this is an example of how Freud’s ideas about literature’s subjectivity are utilised). Also, the footnotes reinforce the author’s presence and allude to the fact that the author is omnipresent (in the novel). The alternative endings represent two types of Victorian endings and the last, a more postmodern, existentialist one. Fowles’ plays with different endings to epitomise the early postmodernist problem of artistic form and representation and this technique agrees with Umberto Eco’s idea that literature has openness and can be interpreted in many ways. The postmodern style is successful in creating a tension between these endings within a single text. The last alternative ending in chapter 61 can be construed as the existentialist one. The existentialist theme dramatises the struggles of individuals to define themselves and to make moral decisions about the conduct of their lives in worlds which deny them of freedom. Both Charles and Sarah are searching for themselves, trying to find their own existences by rebelling against the norms of tradition: Charles by embracing Darwinism nd declaring himself agnostic (in line with the Nietzschean existentialist ideology); and Sarah by redefining herself (such as labelling herself â€Å"Mrs†) and avoiding the hypocrisy of Victorians towards sexuality and human relations. Like Charles and Sarah, the reader is free of manipulation (by the author) and we can manoeuvre our position in the narrative to create our own â€Å"meaning†. The use of the existentialist theme in The French Lieutenant’s Woman makes the reader aware of Sartrean-style thinking which was not in existence in Victorian times but was conceptualised in Fowles’ era. It is successful in allowing the reader to criticise and contrast the differing ideologies present at the respective times and, by highlighting the shift in values, Fowles effectively expounds a new way of thinking. Fowles successfully blends the Victorian novel with postmodern ideologies and twentieth century sensibility by applying paradigms which lead to the reader being allowed to question previously held values, in particular relative values which change according to context, such as sexuality and religion. Through his pastiche of traditional Victorian romance, and historical narrative Fowles deconstructs his novel and makes the reader aware of contextual codes and conventions through ironic, metafictional comments: â€Å"Perhaps it is only a game†¦. Perhaps you suppose the novelist has only to pull the right strings and his puppets will behave in a lifelike manner† -The French Lieutenant’s Woman Chapter 13 *

Catalhoyuk Urban Life in Neolithic Anatolia

Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k is a double tell, two large man-made mounds located on the southern end of the Anatolian Plateau about 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of Konya, Turkey and within the village limits of the town of Kà ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼kkà ¶y. Its name means fork mound in Turkish, and it is spelled in a variety of ways, including Catalhoyuk, Catal Huyuk, Catal Hoyuk: all of them are pronounced roughly Chattle-HowYUK. Fast Facts: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k is a large Neolithic village in Turkey; its name means Fork MoundThe site is a huge tell—91 acres in area and nearly 70 feet tall.  It was occupied between 7400–5200 BCE, and at its height, between 3,000 and 8,000 people lived there.  Ã‚   The Quintessential Neolithic Village Excavations at the mounds represent one of the most extensive and detailed work at any Neolithic village in the world, largely because of the two main excavators, James Mellaart (1925–2012) and Ian Hodder (born 1948). Both men were detail-conscious and exacting archaeologists, far ahead of their respective times in the history of the science. Mellaart conducted four seasons between 1961–1965 and only excavated about 4 percent of the site, concentrated on the southwest side of the East Mound: his exacting excavation strategy and copious notes are remarkable for the period. Hodder began work at the site in 1993 and still continues to this day: his Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Research Project is a multinational and multidisciplinary project with many innovative components. Chronology of the Site Çatalhà ¶yà ¼ks two tells—the East and West Mounds—include an area of about 91 acres (37 hectares), located on either side of a relict channel of the Çarsamba River, about 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) above mean sea level. The region is semi-arid today, as it was in the past, and largely treeless except near the rivers. The East Mound is the largest and oldest of the two, its rough oval outline covering an area of about 32 ac (13 ha). The top of the mound towers some 70 ft (21 mt) above the Neolithic ground surface on which it was founded, a huge stack made up of centuries of building and rebuilding structures in the same location. It has received the most archaeological attention, and radiocarbon dates associated with its occupation date between 7400–6200 BCE. It was home to between an estimated 3,000–8,000 inhabitants. The West Mound is much smaller, its more or less circular occupation measures approximately 3.2 ac (1.3 ha) and rises above the surrounding landscape some 35 ft (7.5 m). It is across the abandoned river channel from the East Mound and was occupied between 6200 and 5200 BCE—the Early Chalcolithic period. For decades, scholars surmised that the people living on the East Mound abandoned it to build the new city which became the West Mound, but the significant overlap of occupation has been identified since 2018. Artists conception of the city of Catalhoyuk, with its one-room houses which were accessed from the roof, about 7th-6th millennium BCE. De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus Houses and Site Organization The two mounds are made up of densely clustered groups of mudbrick buildings arranged around open unroofed open courtyard areas, perhaps shared or midden areas. Most of the structures were clustered into room blocks, with walls built so closely together they melted into one another. At the end of their use-life, the rooms were generally demolished, and a new room built in its place, almost always with the same internal layout as its predecessor. Individual buildings at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k were rectangular or occasionally wedge-shaped; they were so tightly packed, there were no windows or ground-level floors. Entry into the rooms was made through the roof. The buildings had between one and three separate rooms, one main room and up to two smaller rooms. The smaller rooms were probably for grain or food storage and their owners accessed them through oval or rectangular holes cut into the walls measuring no more than about 2.5 ft (.75 m) in height. Excavated Rooms at Catalhoyuk, Turkey. Mycan / iStock / Getty Images Plus Living Space The main living spaces at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k were rarely larger than 275 sq ft (25 sq m and they were occasionally broken into smaller regions of 10–16 sq ft (1–1.5 sq m). They included ovens, hearths, and pits, raised floors, platforms, and benches. The benches and platforms were generally on the eastern and northern walls of the rooms, and they generally contained complex burials. The burial benches included primary burials, individuals of both sexes and all ages, in a tightly flexed and bound inhumation. Few grave goods were included, and what there were personal adornments, individual beads, and beaded necklaces, bracelets, and pendants. Prestige goods are even rarer but include axes, adzes, and daggers; wooden or stone bowls; projectile points; and needles. Some microscopic plant residue evidence suggests that flowers and fruit may have been included in some of the burials, and some were buried with textile shrouds or baskets. Rectified fisheye overhead shot of Building 56 in South Area of excavation. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k History Houses Mellaart classed the buildings into two groups: residential structures and shrines, using internal decoration as an indicator of a given rooms religious importance. Hodder had another idea: he defines the special buildings as History Houses. History Houses are those were reused again and again rather than rebuilt, some for centuries, and also included decorations. Decorations are found in both History Houses and shorter-lived buildings that dont fit Hodders category. The decorations are generally confined to the bench/burial part of main rooms. They include murals, paintwork and plaster images on walls and plastered posts. The murals are solid red panels or bands of color or abstract motifs such as handprints or geometric patterns. Some have figural art, images of humans, aurochs, stags, and vultures. The animals are shown much larger in scale than humans, and most of the humans are depicted without heads. One famous wall painting is that of a birdseye map of the East Mound, with a volcanic eruption illustrated above it. Recent investigations on Hasan Dagi, a twin-peaks volcano located ~80 mi northeast of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, show that it erupted about 6960 ±640 cal BCE. Art Work Both portable and non-portable art was found at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k. The non-portable sculpture is associated with the benches/burials. Those consist of protruding molded plaster features, some of which are plain and circular (Mellaart called them breasts) and others are stylized animal heads with inset auroch, or goat/sheep horns. These are molded or set onto the wall or mounted onto the benches or at the edges of platforms; they typically were re-plastered several times, perhaps when deaths occurred. Portable art from the site includes about 1,000 figurines so far, half of which are in the shape of people, and half are four-legged animals of some sort. These were recovered from a range of different contexts, both internal and external to buildings, in middens or even part of the walls. Although Mellaart generally described these as classic mother goddess figurines, the figurines also include such as stamp seals—objects intended to impress patterns into clay or other material, as well as anthropomorphic pots and animal figurines. Excavator James Mellaart believed he had identified evidence for copper smelting at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, 1,500 years earlier than the next known evidence. Metal minerals and pigments were found throughout Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, including powdered azurite, malachite, red ochre, and cinnabar, often associated with the internal burials. Radivojevic and colleagues have shown that what Mellaart interpreted as copper slag was more likely accidental. Copper metal minerals in a burial context were baked when a post-depositional fire occurred in the dwelling. Plants, Animals, and Environment The earliest phase of occupation in the East Mound happened when the local environment was in the process of changing from humid to dryland conditions. There is evidence that the climate changed considerably during the length of the occupation, including drought periods. The move to the West Mound occurred when there appeared a localized wetter area southeast of the new site. Scholars now believe that agriculture at the site was relatively local, with small-scale herding and farming that varied throughout the Neolithic. Plants used by the occupants included four different categories. Fruit and nuts: acorn, hackberry, pistachio, almond/plum, almondPulses: grass pea, chickpea, bitter vetch, pea, lentilCereals: barley (naked 6 row, two row, hulled two row); einkorn (wild and domestic both), emmer, free-threshing wheat, and a new wheat, Triticum timopheeviOther: flax, mustard seed The farming strategy was remarkably innovative. Rather than maintaining a fixed set of crops to rely on, the diverse agro-ecology enabled generations of cultivators to maintain flexible cropping strategies. They shifted the emphasis on the category of food as well as on elements within the categories as circumstances warranted. Reports on the discoveries at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k can be accessed directly at the Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Research Project homepage. Selected Sources Ayala, Gianna, et al. Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Alluvial Landscape of Neolithic Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Central Southern Turkey: The Implications for Early Agriculture and Responses to Environmental Change. Journal of Archaeological Science 87.Supplement C (2017): 30–43. Print.Hodder, Ian. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k: The Leopard Changes Its Spots. A Summary of Recent Work. Anatolian Studies 64 (2014): 1–22. Print.Larsen, Clark Spencer, et al. Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Reveals Fundamental Transitions in Health, Mobility, and Lifestyle in Early Farmers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116.26 (2019): 12615–23. Print.Marciniak, Arkadiusz, et al. Fragmenting Times: Interpreting a Bayesian Chronology for the Late Neolithic Occupation of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k East, Turkey. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 154–76. Print.Orton, David, et al. A Tale of Two Tells: Dating the Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k West Mound. Antiquity 92.363 (2018 ): 620–39. Print.Radivojevic, Miljana, et al. Repealing the Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Extractive Metallurgy: The Green, the Fire and the ‘Slag’. Journal of Archaeological Science 86.Supplement C (2017): 101–22. Print.Taylor, James Stuart. Making Time for Space at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k: GIS as a Tool for Exploring Intra-Site Spatiotemporality within Complex Stratigraphic Sequences. University of York, 2016. Print.

Introduction of Marijuana - 2257 Words

INTRODUCTION OF MARIJUANA INTO THE UNITED STATES The use of marijuana has been an active past time for thousands of years, however, it did not reach the United States until around 1912. A wave of Mexican immigrants was entering the country in the effort to find work; with them came marijuana. The use of marijuana was a normal custom among the Mexican people, but the White Americans in towns bordering Mexico saw the use of this particular plant in a different light. Fueled with racism and frustration associated with the lack of work for the American people, whites proclaimed that the smoking of marijuana gave the Mexicans super-human strength and transformed those who smoked it into violent murderers. With the increase in rumors†¦show more content†¦The negative propaganda eventually obtained a firm grasp on the minds of the American people, one by one, each state signed the Uniform State Narcotic Law; Anslinger’s method of exaggeration and manipulation went according plan. THE MARIJUANA STAMP ACT A frightened America demanded that society be protected by the threat of marijuana, and sought relief within the power of the federal government. On June 14, 1937, the Marijuana Tax Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt without any â€Å"public debate, scientific inquiry, or political objection† (Grass, 1999). The act prohibited the possession of any marijuana unless one also possessed a marijuana tax stamp which was provided by the Department of Treasury, however, in order to obtain a stamp act, one had to present to authorities his or her amount of marijuana, which was illegal in and of itself. Through this extremely misleading form of legislation, the Department of Treasury effectively made marijuana possession illegal, and subsequently lead to hundreds of arrests. LA GUARDIA VERSUS ANSLINGER The enactment of the Marijuana Stamp Act brought with it skepticism from many white Americans, especially in the northeast region of the country. Those who opposed the Stamp Act believed that its implementation brought with it the return of prohibition, an aspect of legislation they did not want to see in existence again (R.Show MoreRelatedINTRODUCTION Marijuana is a dried out weed that mixes the leaves, stems and even the flower of1100 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Marijuana is a dried out weed that mixes the leaves, stems and even the flower of cannabis, or the hemp plant, which is then taken into the body by either smoking or eating. Marijuana was invented in 2737 B.C in china where it was used as treatment for malaria and absent- mindedness; it then got to United Kingdom in Jamestown in 1611, which was then seen as a cash crop. Marijuana is seen to be one of the most dangerous and addictive drugs in the United Kingdom. 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Oral History Paper Mary Patricia Wright - 1774 Words

Oral History Paper Born in the south of Louisiana, and then raised for the rest of her life down here in the Bay Area. My grandma, Patricia Wright, gave me the opportunity to interview her about life and the up bringing as a black child, black teen and a black woman in her era. With my research I went through some of the sources from in class discussions,but happen to relate more with other scholarly sources. I was able to get deep and discuss how it was for her socially, economically, politically, and culturally where she lived. Patricia, known as Nana was born in New Orleans, Louisiana with her mother and three siblings. Down in the South they were big on family, and always supported each other. Though she lived with her mother, she†¦show more content†¦As a child she didn t feel too much animosity coming from white people, but always knew everything always had to be separate. â€Å"Whites lived on the town’s small rise (it couldn t be a called a hill), while bla ck lived in what had been called known since slavery as â€Å"the Quarters.†(Maya Angelou) Living in Berkeley allowed her to be free, and express herself tin order for her to be comfortable. Even though there were some difference between the white people, she got along with the hippies. Without witnessing harsh racism from her fellow coworkers this would be the first time around hearing,black people talking proper was acting white. Another aspect coming from the South to the West coast, there was more surveillance on the children with their academics. Whereas when she had to look out for her siblings she witnessed, when kids were being bad so bad in school some would have to be held back. The school in her neighborhood more colored kids got in trouble, and no one would do anything, she knew it wasn t right because if they were white they would have been talked to and given a chance. When she came out to California she became a young adult at the age of 24, and was granted a job at Berkeley College as a teacher assistant in the science, and math department. She was able to find long term friends, and get in touch with her being an activist, strong mother, and a liberal fighter. She got involved with supporting her Black students anyway she could,

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 26 Free Essays

string(52) " beneath my breath and my hand crept toward my gun\." There was no sign of Cadotte when I let myself into my apartment. I checked my messages. None – on my home phone or my cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strange. But he should get the message I’d left him. I was so tired, I unplugged all my bells and whistles, then fell into bed. I had another doozy of a dream. I was at Mel’s funeral. Closed casket for obvious reasons. Cadotte was with me. He cleaned up nice. The dark suit made his hair appear darker, and his eyes seemed endless. I was in uniform, which wasn’t strange. But Cadotte holding my hand was. Even stranger†¦ I liked it. We sat at the back of the church. I could tell by the stained glass it was St. Dominic’s right at the edge of town. The place was full. A sea of humanity rippled all the way from our pew to the front, where Cherry sat dolled up in killer black heels, a silky dress, and a hat with a veil. The priest went into his endgame. I tried to pay attention. Really. But out of the corner of my eye I saw the casket move. Before I could shift my gaze, the top slammed open and Mel popped out. At least I think it was Mel. He was a wolf now. Huge, muscular, sleek, and blond. People started screaming, running, but he paid them no mind. He set to devouring everyone in the front pew. â€Å"Does that seem like rabies to you?† Cadotte asked. I hated being wrong. Hated it even more when my being wrong cost lives. I headed for the front of the church unimpeded since, in the way of dreams, everyone else had disappeared. â€Å"Mel!† I shouted as he began to eat a mourner’s face. He looked up. The wolf’s eyes were Mel’s. The blood dripping from his muzzle ended any hesitation I might have felt. I emptied my gun into him. He didn’t flinch. He didn’t die. Instead, he gave up on the appetizer and came for me. I awoke to a pounding on my front door that echoed the one in my chest and my head. One glance at the clock revealed I’d slept the day away. The slant of the light told me who was at the door. Mandenauer was nothing if not prompt. Since I’d fallen asleep in my uniform, all I had to do to get ready for work was fill my rifle and my pistol with silver instead of lead. Mandenauer’s bandolier was a regular buffet line for ammunition. I didn’t believe in prophetic dreams. I didn’t believe in werewolves. However, I did believe in being prepared, and what could silver hurt? Hopefully nothing but the wolves. I opened my door and joined Mandenauer in the hall. He took one glance at my face and kept quiet. Smart man. The streets were deserted. Without the tourists, who would wander the shops at this time of day? I only hoped that the threat of the DNR had cleared the forest. I cer-tainly didn’t want to spend my tomorrow filling out more accidental shooting reports. Mandenauer drove his hearse†¦ I mean Cadillac. After my dream the thought of riding in it nearly caused me to insist on the Crown Victoria. But since I hated being scared even more than I hated being wrong, I forced myself into the passenger seat. Not that I didn’t check the back for stray corpses. There weren’t any. He drove away from town, in a different direction from Highway 199 and the place where we’d first seen the black wolf, in the opposite direction of the Gerards’place and the wolf pyre of the night before. â€Å"Where we going?† â€Å"North.† My teeth ground together, but I managed not to snarl my next question. â€Å"Any reason why?† â€Å"Because we have not gone there yet.† I guess that was as good a reason as any other. He turned off the main road and onto a dirt track. The Cadillac fishtailed. Luckily we hadn’t had much rain or we’d have needed an ATV to get wherever it was we were going. The road was surrounded on all sides by towering pines. I wondered how Mandenauer had found it or if he’d just picked a road, any road, and turned. I considered asking, but really, what did it matter? The track stopped abruptly and so did the car. We were surrounded on three sides by thickly set trees. There was barely enough room for a raccoon to squeeze between them. How we were going to, I had no idea. Nevertheless, I followed Mandenauer deeper into the woods. He had a sixth sense for finding the way. There wasn’t exactly a path, but we made progress. We seemed to walk for hours, but when he stopped at last, darkness still hadn’t fallen. We stood on the south side of a fern-covered hill. Mandenauer shimmied to the top on his belly. He beckoned me and I followed his lead. The ferns whispered as I slithered through them. Soft, spidery leaves brushed my cheek, tickled my neck. The scent of fresh greenery and damp earth pressed against me like a fog. Peeking over the hill, I frowned. About one hundred yards distant stood the opening of a cave. Caves were not all that common around here. Farther west, toward La Crosse maybe. But in the deep woods? I’d never seen one – until today. â€Å"What is this?† I whispered. â€Å"I found it while the others were running mad through the woods last evening. You wonder why no wolves were shot?† â€Å"The question did cross my mind.† He smiled. â€Å"Your answer is here.† Night came on long thin fingers of darkness that spread through the trees, walked over the ground, and smothered the mouth of the cave. The moon and stars sparkled in the sky as wolf-shaped shadows slunk out. One, two†¦ Five, six†¦ Eleven, twelve. I cursed beneath my breath and my hand crept toward my gun. You read "Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 26" in category "Essay examples" Mandenauer stopped me. â€Å"Let them go,† he breathed. â€Å"For now.† He ignored my incredulous gape. Seemed to me we could pick off quite a few before they knew what hit them. But since there were more wolves here than I’d ever seen before, and he was the expert, I let my hand fall back to my side. The animals slunk into the forest. Silence descended, broken only by the breeze through the branches, and then – A chorus of howls shattered the night. I started, gasped. They sounded as if they were right behind us. But when I turned, nothing was there. The rustle of leaves beneath boots yanked my attention back to my companion. He was headed for the cave. I scrambled to keep up, reaching his side in time for us to enter shoulder to shoulder. He produced my city-issue flashlight – guess I’d forgotten to get it back, so bill me – and shone the artificial light inside. The night was hot against my cold, cold skin. â€Å"What is this place?† I murmured. â€Å"They always have a lair. Always.† The cave was damp, as caves were. But that wasn’t what made me go all clammy. The piles of bones in every corner didn’t even bother me. We were, after all, in the lair of the wolf. No, what made me squirrelly were the scraps of cloth, the unmatched shoe, the glint of an earring beneath the startling white of a rib bone. Nausea rolled in my belly and I turned away. â€Å"Wolves don’t do this,† I said. â€Å"These wolves do.† An unnatural clatter made me spin around. He was poking through the pile of bones. His boots scuffled in the dirt as he continued around the room. â€Å"What are you looking for?† â€Å"A clue.† â€Å"What kind of clue? They’re animals.† â€Å"You’d be surprised what animals like these will leave behind.† â€Å"After this, not much will surprise me.† Once again I couldn’t have been more wrong. The howl of a wolf reverberated around the stone enclosure, so loud Mandenauer and I both flinched and spun toward the entrance. He shut off the flashlight, but it was too late. We were trapped. I lifted my rifle. This time Mandenauer didn’t stop me. The shadows on the rock’s surface did. The moon hit the mouth of the cave and sent silver light cascading across the opening. The silhouette of a man appeared. I lowered my gun, opened my mouth to call out, and Mandenauer’s hand slapped over my face. He shook his head, and his expression was so odd – equal parts of fury, disgust, and fascination – I didn’t struggle. Soon all I could do was watch. At first I thought the man was bending to touch his toes. Calisthenics in the forest. Sounded like something Cadotte would do. But he didn’t return to a standing position. Instead, the shadow remained folded over as it changed. One moment there was a silhouette of a man touching his toes. The next he was on all fours, his head hung down so low I couldn’t see it. The shadow rippled. The sound of bones popping, nails scratching, filled the cave, punctuated by a series of grunts and moans I would have associated with really great sex if I hadn’t seen what was happening instead. Between one blink and the next the man became a wolf, threw back his head, and howled. Others answered and he was gone. Sometime during the show Mandenauer had dropped his hand from my mouth. I couldn’t have spoken if he’d poked me with a stick. I couldn’t stand, either, so I sat in the dirt and put my head between my knees. Mandenauer left me there as he continued his hunt for clues. I’m not sure how long my mind spun and my voice refused to work. I jumped a foot and yelped when Mandenauer patted me on the back. â€Å"We must go, Jessie.† I lifted my head. â€Å"W-W-What was that?† His rheumy blue eyes met mine. â€Å"You know what it was.† I shook my head. â€Å"How would I know?† He pulled me to my feet – I would never have been able to get there under my own power – then tapped his forehead. â€Å"Ignore what you know.† His finger moved to his chest and tapped there, too. â€Å"Believe what you feel.† â€Å"You sound like Cadotte.† â€Å"The boyfriend?† â€Å"He’s not my boyfriend.† â€Å"Lover then.† I made a face. That sounded so†¦ girlie. â€Å"Leave him out of this.† â€Å"I did not bring him up.† Right again. I needed to get back to the matter at hand. Whatever it was. â€Å"Did you find anything?† I made a vague gesture to indicate the cave at large. â€Å"Nothing I did not expect.† â€Å"What did you expect?† He stared at me for a long moment as if gauging my sanity. Since I was wondering about it myself, I let him. Then, as if he’d made a monumental decision, he lowered his head in that bowing thing he did and sighed. â€Å"We need to talk.† â€Å"I’ll say.† â€Å"Let’s go back to your apartment.† â€Å"My apartment?† â€Å"What I have to tell you is for no one’s ears but your own.† â€Å"Sounds serious.† â€Å"More serious than anything you could ever imagine.† Well, hell, I didn’t like the sound of that. He’d told me to trust what I felt. What I felt was scared and angry and confused. Three emotions that brought out the worst in me. â€Å"Shouldn’t we do a little hunting before we call it a night?† â€Å"Not tonight. Tonight we talk. Perhaps once you know the truth you will be of more use to me.† He picked up his rifle and headed for the mouth of the cave. â€Å"Hey.† I scrambled to catch up. â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean?† He paused at the entrance, looked both ways as if crossing the street, before he leaped out, spun around, and pointed his gun at the roof of the cave. I flinched and ducked. But he lowered the weapon, straightened, and beckoned for me to join him. â€Å"You will be more motivated when I have told you the truth.† â€Å"All right. Tell me.† â€Å"Ever hear of Josef Mengele?† A chill of dread rolled from my neck to the small of my back. â€Å"The Nazi?† â€Å"That would be him.† â€Å"Isn’t he the wacko who did all those experiments on the Jews?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"He’s dead.† â€Å"But some of his experiments live on.† How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 26, Essay examples

The Parity Principle in Judgement

Question: Discuss aboutthe Parity Principle in Judgement. Answer: Introduction The principle of parity in judgement according to Hampel Gurvich, (2003) is an element of systematic objectivity, equality and consistency before the law. It provides for the treatment of same cases alike and different cases differently. An assertion by the accused of unjustified disparity in the case can form strong premise of appeal. With parity principle, prosecution, defence counsels, and courts are required to take necessary steps to ensure that related offences are preferably sentence by the same judge at the same time. Hampel Gurvich, ( 2003) note that if the co-accused persons are not sentenced by the same judge, questions may arise as to whether a judge in the second judgement will be bound by the findings of the first judge. In the DPP v Kamay case, the judge sentenced the offender for total effective sentence of 7 years and 3 months. The offender appealed the judgment on several grounds among them that the judges failed to apply the principle of parity. The applicant in his appeal observed that the judge erred in unreasonably discriminating in sentencing between him and his co-accused. Although the applicant and his co-offender were charged with different offences, the applicant submitted that the parity principle has a role to play and that the judge exercised unjustified disparity in the sentences. The appellant noted that the judge erred by ordering that the co-offender sentence be served concurrently while the applicant sentence be served cumulatively. The submission noted that the difference in sentencing enlivened the principle of parity. The appellant based his argument on theFarrugia v The Queen decision where the judges held that the parity principle can apply to defendants in the same charges who are not co-offenders. While accepting that the parity principle may be invoked, the judges held that the applicant and his co-accused played distinct roles and thus the disparity was justified and dismissed the appeal. In the R v Curtis case, the judge considered the principle of parity in sentencing the offender which they noted is a fundamental aspect of the rule of law. The judge observed that it was necessary to consider the sentenced meted on Hartman. The court also took consideration that there should be no disparity between white collar offenders and other offences. References Farrugia v The Queen , [2011] VSCA 201 (Supreme Court of Victoria 06 30, 2011). Hampel, G., Gurvich, D. (2003).Bail law in Victoria: A practical guide to the law, procedure and advocacy .Annandale: Federation Press. Kamay v The Queen, [2015] VSCA 296 ( Supreme Court of Victoria 11 13 , 2015). R v Curtis, (No 3) [2016] NSWSC 866 (Supreme Court of New South Wales 06 24, 2016).